16. Hacking Your Memory

Question 1

Students multitasking on a laptop during class may learn __% less

Answer 1

11% less

Question 2

Using a laptop in class may affect c____ of s____ near you

Answer 2

Comprehension, students

Question 3

Taking notes on a laptop is f____ but encourages v____ notes rather than s____ - this is ‘s____’ processing

Answer 3

faster, verbatim, summary, shallow

Question 4

Note-taking is useful in preventing what?

Answer 4

Mind-wandering

Question 5

Fill in the gaps about what note-taking is for:
1. Promote d____ and e____ e____ of the material
2. Provide e____ s____ of information that is in the lecture but not on the slides
3. …Processing and adding this s____ material can also help the e____ e____
4. Good notes can s____ later study and r____

Answer 5

1. deep, elaborative encoding
2. external storage
3. surrounding, elaborative encoding
4. support, revision

Question 6

What is a mnemonic?
A____ relating i____ material to e____ k____

Answer 6

Actively relating incoming material to existing knowledge

Question 7

Mnemonics are a d____ strategy

Answer 7

deliberate

Question 8

Define elaborative interrogation
G____ an e____ of why an e____ stated f____ or c____ is t____

Answer 8

Generating an explanation why why an explicitly stated fact or concept is true

Question 9

Define self-explanation
Explaining how n____ information is related to k____ information, or e____ steps taken during p____ s____

Answer 9

Explaining how new information is related to known information, or explaining steps taken during problem solving

Question 10

Define Keyword mnemonic
Using k____ and mental i____ to associate v____ materials

Answer 10

Using keywords and mental imagery to associate verbal materials

Question 11

Elaboration depends on what?

Answer 11

Your understanding (your prior knowledge)

Question 12

Fill in the gaps about Kesteren et al. (2018) study of schemas in education.
1. Memory better for inferred B-C pairing if s____-c____
2. People’s judgments of what they would remember depended on r____ but not s____
3. People were partially right, but u____ the importance of p____ k____

Answer 12

1. schema-congruent
2. reactivation, schemas
3. underestimated, prior knowledge

Question 13

Memory cues can be e____ or s____-g____

Answer 13

external, self-generated

Question 14

What is elaboration in relation to self-generated cues?
A____ relating i____ info to your p____ knowledge. WOrks partly by s____ p____

Answer 14

Actively relating incoming info to your prior knowledge. Works partly by semantic processing.

Question 15

During elaboration, you create cues for later that connect with your p____ k____ and c____ c____

Answer 15

Your personal knowledge and cognitive context

Question 16

For conceptually related MCQs and conceptually related short answers, ____ is better than ____

Answer 16

Quizzing (ie testing) is better than studying

Question 17

I____ at the time of revision does not seem to impact l____-t____ r____

Answer 17

Imagery, long-term retention

Question 18

Revisiting information after a break helps memory. What is this called?
S____ l____

Answer 18

Spaced learning

Question 19

Conway et al (1997) tested psychology students immediately after a lecture course and in a delayed test. Fill in the gaps about the results:
1. Immediately after lectures, better performing students r____ f____ in a p____ lecture
2. At delayed test, they k____ the f____ rather than r____ the lecture
3. Suggests a shift from Episodic to Semantic Memory and g____ beyond i____ c____

Answer 19

1. ‘Remembered facts in a particular lecture’
2. ‘Knew the Facts’ rather than ‘Remembered the lecture’
3. generalisation beyond initial context

Question 20

Episodic memories become s____ over time

Answer 20

Semanticised

Question 21

R____ r____ of info helps retention in long term

Answer 21

Repeated retrieval