8. Attention and Cognitive control

Question 1

Perceptual load reduces ____

Answer 1

Distraction

Question 2

In the response competition flanker task, participants were asked to remember digits during each trial. What were the two different conditions?
1. L____ c____ l____ (__ digit)
2. H____ c____ l____ (__ digits)

Answer 2

1. Low cognitive load (1 digit)
2. High cognitive load (6 digits)

Question 3

Distractor interference ____ under high cognitive load

Answer 3

increased

Question 4

Cognitive load increases interference from c____ s____ distractor

Answer 4

Colour singleton

Question 5

Perceptual load r____ distractor processing and i____ inattention blindness

Answer 5

reduces, increases

Question 6

Cognitive load ____ distractor processing

Answer 6

Increases

Question 7

Carmel et al (2012) had pts classify names and ignore faces and then gave a surprise test for faces. What were the results?
Low load: __% accuracy in memory test
High load: ~__% accuracy

Answer 7

Low load: Chance level (50%) accuracy in memory test
High load: ~80% accuracy

Question 8

Visual perceptual load ____ distraction

Answer 8

reduces

Question 9

Cognitive load ____ distraction

Answer 9

Increases

Question 10

Different types of load have o____ effects on attention

Answer 10

Opposite

Question 11

The load theory states that availability of ____ ____ determines whether distractors receive further processing

Answer 11

Perceptual capacity

Question 12

The load theory states that ____ ____ is required to inhibit any distractors that make it to late selection

Answer 12

Cognitive control

Question 13

What did pts have to do in the “Operation Span” task?
S____ perform simple m____ and r____ w____
Test r____ of w____

Answer 13

Simultaneously perform simple maths and read words
Test recall of words

Question 14

What is Operation Span task related to? What is it argued that it assesses?
F____ i____
Assesses e____ of p____ f____

Answer 14

Fluid intelligence
Assesses efficiency of prefrontal functioning

Question 15

Individuals with low working memory capacity show increased:
1. S____ interference
2. R____ c____ interference
3. “Own n____ break through” in d____ listening

Answer 15

1. Stroop
2. Response competition
3. Name, dichotic (High WM participants detected name 20%, Low WM participants detected name 65%)

Question 16

Individuals with better cognitive control are ____ distracted

Answer 16

Less

Question 17

Patients with damage to f____/p____ regions show problems in attention and cognitive control

Answer 17

Frontal/parietal

Question 18

Attention modulates n____ activation related to p____

Answer 18

Neural, perception

Question 19

In fMRI spatial cuing studies, there was a visual cortical response to c____ l____ - effect of a____
And a Frontal-parietal activation at time of c____ - mechanisms o____ a____

Answer 19

Visual cortical response to cued location: Effect of attention
Frontal-parietal activation at time of cue: Mechanisms orienting attention

Question 20

The presence vs absence of singleton distractors is associated with what two things?
1. R____ t____ i____
2. F____ and p____ a____

Answer 20

1. Reaction time interference
2. Frontal and parietal activation

Question 21

In fMRI attentional capture tasks, frontal activation negatively predicted b____ i____

Answer 21

Behavioural interference

Question 22

Incongruent vs congruent distractions are associated with what two things?
1. R____ t____ i____
2. F____ r____ of d____ p____ c____ and a____ c____ c____

Answer 22

1. Reaction time interference
2. Frontal recruitment
   (- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
   - Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC))

Question 23

People high in anxiety recruited less D____ p____ c____ and A____ C____ C____

Answer 23

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 24

Frontal regions are activated during s____ attention

Answer 24

Sustained

Question 25

Mind-wandering positively relates to e____ t____-i____ d____ as well as f____ of s____ a____

Answer 25

External task-irrelevant distraction
As well as failures of sustained attention

Question 26

Some frontal regions are involved in what two things, making it challenging to study attentional control of mind-wandering?
1. A____ c____
2. G____ t____-u____ t____

Answer 26

1. Attentional control
2. Generating task-unrelated thought

Question 27

Kane et al (2007) found high working memory capacity associated with reduced m____-w____ during attentionally d____ tasks

Answer 27

mind-wandering, demanding

Question 28

Levinson et al (2012) found high working memory capacity was associated with i____ mind-wandering during l____ p____ l____ response competition task

Answer 28

Increased, low perceptual load