15. The Sins of Memory

Question 1

What are three different types of memory errors?

Answer 1

1. Schema and gist errors
2. Misattribution errors
3. Misinformation errors

Question 2

What are scheme and gist errors explained by?

Answer 2

Prior knowledge

Question 3

What are misattribution errors explained by?

Answer 3

Limits of memory control

Question 4

What are misinformation errors explained by?

Answer 4

Memory updating post-event

Question 5

Define critical lure

Answer 5

Vivid false memory

Question 6

Research into the Deese-Roediger-McDermott memory illusion found pts had a strong tendency to fall;sely recognise what?

Answer 6

Strong tendency to falsely recognise critical lure as having been presented.
Vivid memory - people even recall the critical lures!

Question 7

What is meant by gist memory?

Answer 7

Stored memory includes unstudied content that’s semantically related to the studied words

Question 8

Lures can be recalled … studied items

Answer 8

as often as

Question 9

In amnesia, there are reduced false memory. This means that errors depend on what?

Answer 9

Normal hippocampal function

Question 10

Medial prefrontal cortex damage reduces false memory. This means s____ k____ s____ are needed for errors

Answer 10

semantic knowledge schemas

Question 11

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage increases false memory. This means i____ m____ c____ helps avoid false memory.

Answer 11

intact memory control

Question 12

What is meant by Bartlett’s (1932) term memory schemas?

Answer 12

Memory distortion that happens when to-be-remembered information does not fit our schemas

Question 13

Bartlett (1932) found that people recalled unfamiliar stories s____ and d____ - elements c____ as well as o____

Answer 13

shorter, distorted
changed, omitted

Question 14

Mnemonic discrimination is impaired in what two circumstances?

Answer 14

In ageing and Alzheimer’s

Question 15

Brewer and Treyens (1981) tested memory for objects in a graduate office. What two things did they find?

Answer 15

1. Schema-expectancy helped recall of objects
2. More false recognition of high-schema objects in recognition memory test

Question 16

G____, a____ and s____ errors are all a result of prior knowledge.

Answer 16

Gist, associative, schema

Question 17

fMRI activity at r____ is i____ for true vs false recognition

Answer 17

retrieval, indistinguishable

Question 18

Dennis et al. (2012) found right hippocampus and early visual cortex both more activated during…

Answer 18

true recollection than false recollection

Question 19

Semantic knowledge, including o____ s____, can d____ memory as well as s____ it

Answer 19

organised schemas, distort, support

Question 20

Kleider et al. (2008) showed g____ stereotype errors increased with d____

Answer 20

gender, delay

Question 21

Tran et al. (2011) i____ emotional bias in story memory by t____ people in i____

Answer 21

induced, training, interpretation

Question 22

Murphy et al. (2019) found people were __-__% more likely to remember fake news consistent with…

Answer 22

10-20%, their own views

Question 23

Memory is b____ and c____

Answer 23

bias, constructive

Question 24

Reality monitoring is the ability to s____ contextual information surrounding m____ t____

Answer 24

specify, memory traces

Question 25

Reality monitoring is not just r____ context, but e____ what is remembered - this requires c____

Answer 25

recollecting, evaluating, control

Question 26

What is cryptomnesia?

Answer 26

Unconscious plagiarism

Question 27

Cryptomnesia is thought to be a r____ m____ error

Answer 27

reality monitoring

Question 28

Control is thought to be supported by e____ processes which depend on p____ c____

Answer 28

executive, prefrontal cortex

Question 29

Monitoring for details and vividness can only help avoid false memories if…

Answer 29

false memories are different from true (not always the case)

Question 30

About __% of wrongful convictions in USA involve eyewitness errors

Answer 30

75

Question 31

What are the four stages of the Cognitive Interview?

Answer 31

Stage 1: Reinstate the context
→ encoding specificity principle
Stage 2: Recall events in reverse order
→ reduce schema use
Stage 3: Report everything
Stage 4: Describe events from someone else’s perspective
→ both Stages: cue further recall and maximise monitoring

Question 32

Information introduced in questions about an event is i____ as a part of memory for o____ e____

Answer 32

incorporated, original event

Question 33

Bergman & Roediger (1999) found major d____ were an increasing proportion of memories with r____ r____

Answer 33

distortions
repeated retrieval