15. The Sins of Memory

Question 1

What are three different types of memory errors?
1. S____ and g____ errors
2. M____ errors
3. M____ errors

Answer 1

1. Schema and gist errors
2. Misattribution errors
3. Misinformation errors

Question 2

What are scheme and gist errors explained by?
P____ k____

Answer 2

Prior knowledge

Question 3

What are misattribution errors explained by?
L____ of m____ c____

Answer 3

Limits of memory control

Question 4

What are misinformation errors explained by?
Memory u____ p____-e____

Answer 4

Memory updating post-event

Question 5

Define critical lure
V____ f____ m____

Answer 5

Vivid false memory

Question 6

Research into the Deese-Roediger-McDermott memory illusion found pts had a strong tendency to falsely recognise c____ l____ as having been p____

Answer 6

Strong tendency to falsely recognise critical lure as having been presented.
Vivid memory - people even recall the critical lures!

Question 7

What is meant by gist memory?
S____ memory includes u____ content that’s s____ related to the s____ words

Answer 7

Stored memory includes unstudied content that’s semantically related to the studied words

Question 8

Lures can be recalled … studied items

Answer 8

as often as

Question 9

In amnesia, there are reduced false memory. This means that errors depend on n____ h____ function

Answer 9

Normal hippocampal function

Question 10

Medial prefrontal cortex damage reduces false memory. This means s____ k____ s____ are needed for errors

Answer 10

semantic knowledge schemas

Question 11

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage increases false memory. This means i____ m____ c____ helps avoid false memory.

Answer 11

intact memory control

Question 12

What is meant by Bartlett’s (1932) term memory schemas?
Memory d____ that happens when to-be-r____ information doesn’t fit our s____

Answer 12

Memory distortion that happens when to-be-remembered information does not fit our schemas

Question 13

Bartlett (1932) found that people recalled unfamiliar stories s____ and d____ - elements c____ as well as o____

Answer 13

shorter, distorted
changed, omitted

Question 14

Mnemonic discrimination is impaired in what two circumstances?
A____ and a____

Answer 14

In ageing and Alzheimer’s

Question 15

Brewer and Treyens (1981) tested memory for objects in a graduate office. What two things did they find?
1. S____-e____ helped r____ of objects
2. More f____ r____ of h____-s____ objects in r____ memory test

Answer 15

1. Schema-expectancy helped recall of objects
2. More false recognition of high-schema objects in recognition memory test

Question 16

G____, a____ and s____ errors are all a result of prior knowledge.

Answer 16

Gist, associative, schema

Question 17

fMRI activity at r____ is i____ for true vs false recognition

Answer 17

retrieval, indistinguishable

Question 18

Dennis et al. (2012) found right hippocampus and early visual cortex both more activated during t____ r____ than f____ r____

Answer 18

true recollection than false recollection

Question 19

Semantic knowledge, including o____ s____, can d____ memory as well as s____ it

Answer 19

organised schemas, distort, support

Question 20

Kleider et al. (2008) showed g____ stereotype errors increased with d____

Answer 20

gender, delay

Question 21

Tran et al. (2011) i____ emotional bias in story memory by t____ people in i____

Answer 21

induced, training, interpretation

Question 22

Murphy et al. (2019) found people were __-__% more likely to remember fake news consistent with…

Answer 22

10-20%, their own views

Question 23

Memory is b____ and c____

Answer 23

bias, constructive

Question 24

Reality monitoring is the ability to s____ contextual information surrounding m____ t____

Answer 24

specify, memory traces

Question 25

Reality monitoring is not just r____ context, but e____ what is remembered - this requires c____

Answer 25

recollecting, evaluating, control

Question 26

What is cryptomnesia?
U____ p____

Answer 26

Unconscious plagiarism

Question 27

Cryptomnesia is thought to be a r____ m____ error

Answer 27

reality monitoring

Question 28

Control is thought to be supported by e____ processes which depend on p____ c____

Answer 28

executive, prefrontal cortex

Question 29

Monitoring for details and vividness can only help avoid false memories if false memories are d____ from t____

Answer 29

false memories are different from true (not always the case)

Question 30

About __% of wrongful convictions in USA involve eyewitness errors

Answer 30

75

Question 31

What are the four stages of the Cognitive Interview?

Answer 31

Stage 1: Reinstate the context
→ encoding specificity principle
Stage 2: Recall events in reverse order
→ reduce schema use
Stage 3: Report everything
Stage 4: Describe events from someone else’s perspective
→ both Stages: cue further recall and maximise monitoring

Question 32

Information introduced in questions about an event is i____ as a part of memory for o____ e____

Answer 32

incorporated, original event

Question 33

Bergman & Roediger (1999) found major d____ were an increasing proportion of memories with r____ r____

Answer 33

distortions
repeated retrieval