15. The Sins of Memory Flashcards
What are three different types of memory errors?
1. S____ and g____ errors
2. M____ errors
3. M____ errors
- Schema and gist errors
- Misattribution errors
- Misinformation errors
What are scheme and gist errors explained by?
P____ k____
Prior knowledge
What are misattribution errors explained by?
L____ of m____ c____
Limits of memory control
What are misinformation errors explained by?
Memory u____ p____-e____
Memory updating post-event
Define critical lure
V____ f____ m____
Vivid false memory
Research into the Deese-Roediger-McDermott memory illusion found pts had a strong tendency to falsely recognise c____ l____ as having been p____
Strong tendency to falsely recognise critical lure as having been presented.
Vivid memory - people even recall the critical lures!
What is meant by gist memory?
S____ memory includes u____ content that’s s____ related to the s____ words
Stored memory includes unstudied content that’s semantically related to the studied words
Lures can be recalled … studied items
as often as
In amnesia, there are reduced false memory. This means that errors depend on n____ h____ function
Normal hippocampal function
Medial prefrontal cortex damage reduces false memory. This means s____ k____ s____ are needed for errors
semantic knowledge schemas
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage increases false memory. This means i____ m____ c____ helps avoid false memory.
intact memory control
What is meant by Bartlett’s (1932) term memory schemas?
Memory d____ that happens when to-be-r____ information doesn’t fit our s____
Memory distortion that happens when to-be-remembered information does not fit our schemas
Bartlett (1932) found that people recalled unfamiliar stories s____ and d____ - elements c____ as well as o____
shorter, distorted
changed, omitted
Mnemonic discrimination is impaired in what two circumstances?
A____ and a____
In ageing and Alzheimer’s
Brewer and Treyens (1981) tested memory for objects in a graduate office. What two things did they find?
1. S____-e____ helped r____ of objects
2. More f____ r____ of h____-s____ objects in r____ memory test
- Schema-expectancy helped recall of objects
- More false recognition of high-schema objects in recognition memory test
G____, a____ and s____ errors are all a result of prior knowledge.
Gist, associative, schema
fMRI activity at r____ is i____ for true vs false recognition
retrieval, indistinguishable
Dennis et al. (2012) found right hippocampus and early visual cortex both more activated during t____ r____ than f____ r____
true recollection than false recollection
Semantic knowledge, including o____ s____, can d____ memory as well as s____ it
organised schemas, distort, support
Kleider et al. (2008) showed g____ stereotype errors increased with d____
gender, delay
Tran et al. (2011) i____ emotional bias in story memory by t____ people in i____
induced, training, interpretation
Murphy et al. (2019) found people were __-__% more likely to remember fake news consistent with…
10-20%, their own views
Memory is b____ and c____
bias, constructive
Reality monitoring is the ability to s____ contextual information surrounding m____ t____
specify, memory traces
Reality monitoring is not just r____ context, but e____ what is remembered - this requires c____
recollecting, evaluating, control
What is cryptomnesia?
U____ p____
Unconscious plagiarism
Cryptomnesia is thought to be a r____ m____ error
reality monitoring
Control is thought to be supported by e____ processes which depend on p____ c____
executive, prefrontal cortex
Monitoring for details and vividness can only help avoid false memories if false memories are d____ from t____
false memories are different from true (not always the case)
About __% of wrongful convictions in USA involve eyewitness errors
75
What are the four stages of the Cognitive Interview?
Stage 1: Reinstate the context
→ encoding specificity principle
Stage 2: Recall events in reverse order
→ reduce schema use
Stage 3: Report everything
Stage 4: Describe events from someone else’s perspective
→ both Stages: cue further recall and maximise monitoring
Information introduced in questions about an event is i____ as a part of memory for o____ e____
incorporated, original event
Bergman & Roediger (1999) found major d____ were an increasing proportion of memories with r____ r____
distortions
repeated retrieval
