13. Capturing the Moment

Question 1

What kind of fact are semantic memories?

Answer 1

Context-independent fact

Question 2

Episodic memories are made up of what two things?

Answer 2

Unique event + context

Question 3

Episodic memory is implied in a____ due to h____ damage

Answer 3

amnesia, hippocampal

Question 4

Episodic memories contain context, associations and details. What do these three things mean?

Answer 4

Context = when & where, what we were thinking
Associations = of details (e.g. person-when, person-where)
Details = e.g. who was there

Question 5

What key role does the hippocampus brain region play in episodic memories?

Answer 5

Binds together all the details and stores them as a memory

Question 6

What is done in the study phase and test phase of episodic memory tests in the lab?

Answer 6

Study phase = encoding ‘mini-events’
Test phase = retrieving the ‘mini-events’

Question 7

Dividing attention during what markedly impairs memory?

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

fMRI scanning when encoding attended vs unattended event features revealed what two things?

Answer 8

1. Attention boosted memory for attended features
2. Hippocampus activated more when encoding attended features

Question 9

____ often easier to remember than words
Mentally ____ words also easier to remember, as well as ____ words

Answer 9

Pictures
Imageable
Concrete

Question 10

What was the main idea of Paivo’s (1971) Dual Code Theory?
However, this theory only explains…

Answer 10

An image plus a verbal code produces a richer memory trace
Only explains the picture superiority effect (and did not predict it)

Question 11

What is meant by the distinctiveness/isolation effect?

Answer 11

A memory boost from processing difference in the context of similarity

Question 12

What three factors made data visualisations memorable?

Answer 12

1. Objects
2. Colour
3. Complexity

Question 13

Images are less memorable when their concepts what?

Answer 13

Share more features with other concepts

Question 14

When people were asked to re-draw “droodles”, free recall was much better when?

Answer 14

Once the ‘story’ was known (ship + witch, early bird + strong worm)
Understanding assumed to reflect prior knowledge schemas (linking incoming info to prior knowledge is incredibly important)

Question 15

Fill in the gaps about schema-related (compared to schema-unrelated) facts:
1. Activated the m____ p____ c____ more
2. Activated the m____ t____ l____ less
3. M____ p____ c____ schema-related activation predicted Y2 course p____

Answer 15

1. medial prefrontal cortex
2. Medial temporal lobe
3. Medial prefrontal cortex, performance

Question 16

What is meant by the baker-Baker paradox?

Answer 16

Processing for meaning (semantic processing) often helps memory encoding = deep processing

Question 17

Brain network including ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated by what kind of processing?

Answer 17

Semantic
Also activated when words are successfully encoded in memory

Question 18

Semantic processing involves relating …. to ….

Answer 18

New material to your prior knowledge

Question 19

Deliberate elaboration means what?

Answer 19

Going further than semantic processing and may work by distinctive processing as well as meaning
E.g. using meaningful mental imagery to link unrelated pieces of information

Question 20

Memory encoding is a ____ of ongoing processing

Answer 20

Byproduct

Question 21

Dorsolateral PFC is involved in what?

Answer 21

Organisation in encoding

Question 22

Ventrolateral PFC is involved in what?

Answer 22

Semantic encoding

Question 23

Activating dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding predicted what?

Answer 23

That later recall would be organised by meaning

Question 24

In an fMRI study, faces were more likely to be recollected if…

Answer 24

If people judged their distinctiveness (taxi driver), compared with judging similarity (casting director)

Question 25

When encoding memories in the fMRI distinctive processing study, this processing for distinctiveness boosted the activation of what?

Answer 25

The hippocampus

Question 26

What brain regions are the following processes associated with?
1. Paying attention
2. Actively processing for distinctiveness
3. Relating to your prior knowledge (schemas)
4. Deep (semantic) processing
5. Organising information in mind

Answer 26

1. Boosts hippocampal activation
2. —-“—-
3. Medial prefrontal cortex
4. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
5. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex