13. Capturing the Moment Flashcards
What kind of fact are semantic memories?
C____-i____ fact
Context-independent fact
Episodic memories are made up of what two things?
U____ e____ and c____
Unique event + context
Episodic memory is implied in a____ due to h____ damage
amnesia, hippocampal
Episodic memories contain context, associations and details. What do these three things mean?
C = w____ and w____, w____ we were t____
A = of d____
D = e.g. w____ was there
Context = when & where, what we were thinking
Associations = of details (e.g. person-when, person-where)
Details = e.g. who was there
What key role does the hippocampus brain region play in episodic memories?
B____ together all the d____ and s____ them as a m____
Binds together all the details and stores them as a memory
What is done in the study phase and test phase of episodic memory tests in the lab?
S = e____ ‘m____-e____’
T = r____ the ‘m____-e____’
Study phase = encoding ‘mini-events’
Test phase = retrieving the ‘mini-events’
Dividing attention during what markedly impairs memory?
Encoding
fMRI scanning when encoding attended vs unattended event features revealed what two things?
1. Attention boosted memory for …. features
2. H____ activated more when encoding …. features
- Attention boosted memory for attended features
- Hippocampus activated more when encoding attended features
P____ often easier to remember than words
Mentally i____ words also easier to remember, as well as c____ words
Pictures
Imageable
Concrete
What was the main idea of Paivo’s (1971) Dual Code Theory?
However, this theory only explains…
An i____ plus a v____ c____ produces a richer memory t____
Only e____ the picture s____ effect, did not p____ it
An image plus a verbal code produces a richer memory trace
Only explains the picture superiority effect (and did not predict it)
What is meant by the distinctiveness/isolation effect?
A memory b____ from processing d____ in the context of s____
A memory boost from processing difference in the context of similarity
What three factors made data visualisations memorable?
1. O____
2. C____
3. C____
- Objects
- Colour
- Complexity
Images are less memorable when their concepts s____ more features with other c____
Share more features with other concepts
When people were asked to re-draw “droodles”, free recall was much better when?
Their understanding was assumed to reflect…?
Once the ‘story’ was known (ship + witch, early bird + strong worm)
Understanding assumed to reflect prior knowledge schemas (linking incoming info to prior knowledge is incredibly important)
Fill in the gaps about schema-related (compared to schema-unrelated) facts:
1. Activated the m____ p____ c____ more
2. Activated the m____ t____ l____ less
3. M____ p____ c____ schema-related activation predicted Y2 course p____
- medial prefrontal cortex
- Medial temporal lobe
- Medial prefrontal cortex, performance
What is meant by the baker-Baker paradox?
Proccesing for m____ often helps memory e____ = d____ p____
Processing for meaning (semantic processing) often helps memory encoding = deep processing
Brain network including ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated by what kind of processing?
Semantic
Also activated when words are successfully encoded in memory
Semantic processing involves relating …. to ….
New material to your prior knowledge
Deliberate elaboration means what?
Going further than s____ p____ and may work by d____ p____ as well as m____
Going further than semantic processing and may work by distinctive processing as well as meaning
E.g. using meaningful mental imagery to link unrelated pieces of information
Memory encoding is a b____ of ongoing processing
Byproduct
Dorsolateral PFC is involved in what?
O____ in e____
Organisation in encoding
Ventrolateral PFC is involved in what?
S____ e____
Semantic encoding
Activating dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding predicted that later r____ would be o____ by m____
That later recall would be organised by meaning
In an fMRI study, faces were more likely to be recollected if people judged their d____ compared with judging s____
If people judged their distinctiveness (taxi driver), compared with judging similarity (casting director)
When encoding memories in the fMRI distinctive processing study, this processing for distinctiveness boosted the activation of the h____
The hippocampus
What brain regions are the following processes associated with?
1. Paying attention - h____
2. Actively processing for distinctiveness - h____
3. Relating to your prior knowledge (schemas) - m____ p____ cortex
4. Deep (semantic) processing - v____ p____ cortex
5. Organising information in mind - d____ p____ cortex
- Boosts hippocampal activation
- —-“—-
- Medial prefrontal cortex
- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
