7. What determines what we pay attention to? Flashcards
Biased Competition Theory (Desimone & Duncan, 1995) Says there are top-down a____ c ____ mechanisms and Bottom-up s____-d____ mechanisms sensitive to stimulus s____
Top-down attentional control mechanisms
Bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms sensitive to stimulus salience
What is the Biased Competition Theory?
The idea that our attention is i____ by both t____-d____ and b____-u____ underlies many of the current t____ of s____ a____
This idea that our attention is influenced by both top-down and bottom up underlies many of the current theories of selective attention
What are three kinds of stimuli that can “capture” our attention?
1. Stimuli of h____ s____
2. M____/’a____ o____’
3. Things r____ to u____/r____ to our v____
- Stimuli of high salience
- Movement/’abrupt onset’
- Things relevant to us/relate to our values
C____ is irrelevant to shape-based search task
Colour
Colour “singleton” increases search…
reaction times
What is Theeuwes’ interpretation?
C____ t____-d____ selectivity not p____
Complete top-down selectivity not possible
Stimulus-driven selection says ____ processing happens before ____ processing
Bottom-up BEFORE top-down
(bottom-up input, top-down modulation)
In the first stage of stimulus-driven selection, there’s an initial s____ across v____ f____, entirely b____-u____. Calculation of l____ s____
sweep
visual field
bottom-up
local salience
What occurs in the second stage of stimulus-driven selection?
Is selected item t____? If not, l____ i____
Attention then s____ to item that is n____ in line with respect to s____
Is selected item target? If not, location inhibited
Attention then shifts to item that is next in line with respect to salience
Stimulus-driven selection only takes place within a____ w____
Attentional window
Spatial cues can vary size of attentional window
Singletons outside c____ location do not capture a____
Cued, attention
Contingent capture (Folk & Remington, 1992) states attentional capture is not s____-d____.
Attention can only be captured by stimuli relevant to our g____
stimulus-driven
goals
Contingent capture research found:
1. Colour cues capture attention when target was defined on c____
2. Onset cues capture attention when target was defined on o____
3. Suggests attentional capture is c____ on task g____
- Colour
- Onset
- Contingent, goals
Define abrupt onset
Something which suddenly appears
What does abrupt onset theory state?
O____ abrupt onsets can produce s____ d____ c____
Only abrupt onsets can produce stimulus driven capture
Abrupt onsets research found singleton was n____ p____ of target location, and could be either c____ singleton, or o____
Onsets produced attentional c____, but colour singletons didn’t
Not predictive
colour, onset
capture
Moving or l____ stimuli also capture attention, but r____ stimuli don’t
looming, receding
Attention tasks usually begin with some kind of c____ to display. This may induce general “d____-w____” settings for dynamic changes, including o____.
change
display-wide
onsets
Sometimes things seem to attract attention because of their m____, or p____ r____
Meaning, personal relevance
More recent theories highlight role of “selection h____” or r____ associations
History, reward
Stimuli associated with v____ capture attention
value
Define local salience
How much does this d____ from s____ i____ a____ along some d____ such as c____, s____, l____, s____ etc
How much does this differ from surrounding image attributes along some dimension such as colour, shape, luminance, size etc?
In research into abrupt onset, singleton was not predictive of t____ l____
Target location
