10. Insight and Analogy Flashcards
Define Insight
A c____ in c____ understanding that allows a s____ to a p____ to be discovered and r____ in the f____
Change, conceptual, solution, problem, repeated, future
Who proposed the Representational change theory of insight and in what year?
Which is the main principle of this theory?
K____ et al, 19__
Its what you k____ that makes the problem h____
Knoblich et al, 1999
It’s what you KNOW that makes the problem hard
Who proposed the Criterion of Satisfactory progress theory of insight and in what year?
What is the main principle of this theory?
M____, O____ & C____, 20__
It’s what you d____ that makes the problem h____
MacGregor, Ormerod & Chronicle, 2001
It’s what you DO that makes the problem hard
One way to test the effects of knowledge is using matchstick algebra. What do you have to do in this task?
Move one stick only to make the sum work
What is one problem that can be used to test knowledge and strategy together?
What must you do in this problem?
The eight-coin problem
Make each coin touch exactly three others, moving two coins only
What two verbal hints were people given in the eight-coin problem after 6 minutes?
1. The solution requires the creation of…
2. The solution requires the use of…
- The solution requires the creation of two groups of coins
- The solution requires the use of three dimensions
Define fixation
Trying the same thing again, and again, and again
Define impasse
Try to a point you can’t think of anything else to try, so cease to try anything
Define an ‘Aha’ moment
Suddenly out of nowhere, solution seems to come to mind (solution seems to ‘come to you’)
Define incubation
If you s____ a problem and can’t s____ it, put it to o____ s____ and when you start trying to s____ it again, you will find it e____
If you start a problem and can’t solve it, put it to one side and when you start trying to solve it again, you will find it easier
Gestalt accounts state that the perceptual ‘w____’ limits moves in the 9-dot problem
whole
What is meant by consciousness in thinking?
The e____ to which we are in c____ of our o____ thinking
The extent to which we are in control of our own thinking
What is meant by determinism in thinking?
Is the way we think determined by p____ e____? Or can we have n____ ideas ourselves by putting together k____?
Is the way we think determined by previous experience? Or can we have new ideas ourselves by putting together knowledge?
What is meant by the concept of modularity of thought?
Maybe we have a ‘m____’ of i____ for thinking? Does the brain s____ in a____ for something as high level as thinking?
Maybe we have a ‘module’ of insight for thinking, does the brain specialise in area for something as high level as thinking?
The Representational change theory believes we bring knowledge from p____ experience into how we form r____ of new problem. If we r____-r____ a problem, we can then solve it.
Previous, representations, re-represent
The Criterion of Satisfactory progress theory believes if we get a new problem, we t____ t____. If this works, then we k____ t____, if it doesn’t work, then we t____ s____ e____
We set c____ for what we need to achieve in order to keep going
Try things
Keep trying
Try something else
Criterion
The criterion of satisfactory progress theory states we use prior knowledge of all f____ a____ in problem. We look at what we’ve already tried and then try to calculate a p____ that’s different, then use this to help solve the problem.
failed attempts
property
Failure is the source of i____
Insight
People must get to the point of ____ to use hints they’re given
impasse
Analogys are transferred from e____ to n____ p____
Example
New problem
Analogys are fundamental to e____ and l____ theories
Education, Learning
Analogys are rarely used ____, you have to…
Spontaneously
Have to tell people to do it
In the radiation problem, how many people solved it when they were/weren’t told to use the castle analogy?
Hint = 92%
No hint = 20%
What is divergent thinking?
How does incubation help?
Thinking of ‘n____ n____’ things
Any kind of incubation. helps - l____ it and c____ b____ will g____ more i____
Thinking of “not normal” things e.g. other ways you can use a brick
Any kind of incubation helps - leave it and come back will generate more ideas
How does incubation help with visual insight tasks?
Incubation only works when they have reached i____
Incubation only works when person has reached impasse
How does incubation help with linguistic insight?
Incubation works but have to be …. during the incubation period
Incubation works but have to be doing something during the incubation period (e.g. counting in 3s backwards)
Sleep e____ problem solving
enhances
