10. Insight and Analogy

Question 1

Define Insight
A c____ in c____ understanding that allows a s____ to a p____ to be discovered and r____ in the f____

Answer 1

Change, conceptual, solution, problem, repeated, future

Question 2

Who proposed the Representational change theory of insight and in what year?
Which is the main principle of this theory?
K____ et al, 19__
Its what you k____ that makes the problem h____

Answer 2

Knoblich et al, 1999
It’s what you KNOW that makes the problem hard

Question 3

Who proposed the Criterion of Satisfactory progress theory of insight and in what year?
What is the main principle of this theory?
M____, O____ & C____, 20__
It’s what you d____ that makes the problem h____

Answer 3

MacGregor, Ormerod & Chronicle, 2001
It’s what you DO that makes the problem hard

Question 4

One way to test the effects of knowledge is using matchstick algebra. What do you have to do in this task?

Answer 4

Move one stick only to make the sum work

Question 5

What is one problem that can be used to test knowledge and strategy together?
What must you do in this problem?

Answer 5

The eight-coin problem
Make each coin touch exactly three others, moving two coins only

Question 6

What two verbal hints were people given in the eight-coin problem after 6 minutes?
1. The solution requires the creation of…
2. The solution requires the use of…

Answer 6

1. The solution requires the creation of two groups of coins
2. The solution requires the use of three dimensions

Question 7

Define fixation

Answer 7

Trying the same thing again, and again, and again

Question 8

Define impasse

Answer 8

Try to a point you can’t think of anything else to try, so cease to try anything

Question 9

Define an ‘Aha’ moment

Answer 9

Suddenly out of nowhere, solution seems to come to mind (solution seems to ‘come to you’)

Question 10

Define incubation
If you s____ a problem and can’t s____ it, put it to o____ s____ and when you start trying to s____ it again, you will find it e____

Answer 10

If you start a problem and can’t solve it, put it to one side and when you start trying to solve it again, you will find it easier

Question 12

Gestalt accounts state that the perceptual ‘w____’ limits moves in the 9-dot problem

Answer 12

whole

Question 13

What is meant by consciousness in thinking?
The e____ to which we are in c____ of our o____ thinking

Answer 13

The extent to which we are in control of our own thinking

Question 14

What is meant by determinism in thinking?
Is the way we think determined by p____ e____? Or can we have n____ ideas ourselves by putting together k____?

Answer 14

Is the way we think determined by previous experience? Or can we have new ideas ourselves by putting together knowledge?

Question 15

What is meant by the concept of modularity of thought?
Maybe we have a ‘m____’ of i____ for thinking? Does the brain s____ in a____ for something as high level as thinking?

Answer 15

Maybe we have a ‘module’ of insight for thinking, does the brain specialise in area for something as high level as thinking?

Question 16

The Representational change theory believes we bring knowledge from p____ experience into how we form r____ of new problem. If we r____-r____ a problem, we can then solve it.

Answer 16

Previous, representations, re-represent

Question 17

The Criterion of Satisfactory progress theory believes if we get a new problem, we t____ t____. If this works, then we k____ t____, if it doesn’t work, then we t____ s____ e____
We set c____ for what we need to achieve in order to keep going

Answer 17

Try things
Keep trying
Try something else
Criterion

Question 18

The criterion of satisfactory progress theory states we use prior knowledge of all f____ a____ in problem. We look at what we’ve already tried and then try to calculate a p____ that’s different, then use this to help solve the problem.

Answer 18

failed attempts
property

Question 19

Failure is the source of i____

Answer 19

Insight

Question 20

People must get to the point of ____ to use hints they’re given

Answer 20

impasse

Question 21

Analogys are transferred from e____ to n____ p____

Answer 21

Example
New problem

Question 22

Analogys are fundamental to e____ and l____ theories

Answer 22

Education, Learning

Question 23

Analogys are rarely used ____, you have to…

Answer 23

Spontaneously
Have to tell people to do it

Question 24

In the radiation problem, how many people solved it when they were/weren’t told to use the castle analogy?

Answer 24

Hint = 92%
No hint = 20%

Question 25

What is divergent thinking?
How does incubation help?
Thinking of ‘n____ n____’ things
Any kind of incubation. helps - l____ it and c____ b____ will g____ more i____

Answer 25

Thinking of “not normal” things e.g. other ways you can use a brick
Any kind of incubation helps - leave it and come back will generate more ideas

Question 26

How does incubation help with visual insight tasks?
Incubation only works when they have reached i____

Answer 26

Incubation only works when person has reached impasse

Question 27

How does incubation help with linguistic insight?
Incubation works but have to be …. during the incubation period

Answer 27

Incubation works but have to be doing something during the incubation period (e.g. counting in 3s backwards)

Question 28

Sleep e____ problem solving

Answer 28

enhances