14. Using It or Loosing It

Question 1

Define contextual reinstatement

Answer 1

Reinstating part of a memory can help bring back the rest because the cue matches the stored memory

Question 2

Smith & Manzano got people to study words paired with scenes. They found written recall of words improved when?

Answer 2

By reinstating images from scene videos at test

Question 3

Why is recognition more helpful than free recall (minimal cue) and cued recall (more informative cue)?

Answer 3

You have the whole cue right in front of you

Question 4

Godden & Baddeley (1975) found free recall of a list of words was better when…?

Answer 4

The environment (context) matched, whether underwater or on land

Question 5

Fill in the gaps about research into Encoding Specificity principle:
1. Words were encoded using s____ (‘deep’) vs r____-based (‘shallow’) study tasks
2. When asked if words were o____ or n____ memory better if s____ encoded
3. When given r____ cues, memory better if words had been r____ encoded

Answer 5

1. semantic, rhyme-based
2. old, new, semantically encoded
3. rhyming, rhyme

Question 6

The main idea of the encoding specificity principle is that memory is better when the c____ processes engaged during r____ match the cognitive processes that were engaged when information was e____

Answer 6

cognitive, retrieval, encoded

Question 7

How do you find a Content-addressable memory?

Answer 7

By knowing content

Question 8

In g____ matching models, retrieval reflects the m____ between a c____ and all s____ memory traces

Answer 8

global, match, cue, stored

Question 9

In the c____ learning systems model, memory representations are stored in c____ and m____ with p____ cue triggers p____ c____ by the h____

Answer 9

complementary, cortex, match, partial, pattern completion, hippocampus

Question 10

Smith & Manzano (2010) found scene cues were more effective when each video context was studied with…?
Cues were better when more…?

Answer 10

Fewer words
Diagnostic (distinctive)

Question 11

Fill in the gaps about how the brain allows us to ‘relive the past’:
1. When we experience an event, some of the active n____ r____ are stored
2. A memory c____ that matches these stored r____ (memories) triggers recollection by r____ the rest of the memory trace
3. We can measure this n____ r____ with fMRI because we can measure brain patterns during the e____

Answer 11

1. neural representations
2. cue, representations, reinstating
3. neural reinstatement, event

Question 12

Polyn et al. (2005) scanned fMRI activity patterns when people studied then recalled faces, locations and objects. Machine-learning algorithms detected what?

Answer 12

Neural patterns from these ‘events’ that reappeared during recall.This neural reinstatement reflecting memory contents is thought to enable us to ‘relive the past’ during recollection

Question 13

Polyn et al. (2005) found reinstatement started about __ seconds b____ recall. Preliminary evidence that m____ r____ (s____-c____) actually triggers r____

Answer 13

5, before
mental reinstatement, recall

Question 14

Forgetting in episodic memory is…

Answer 14

Cue-dependent

Question 15

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) found studying four times was better at…. and repeated recall tests was better…

Answer 15

At 5 minutes
After a week

Question 16

In Roediger and Karpicke (2006), how much forgetting was there in the repeated study condition vs the testing condition?

Answer 16

52% forgetting in repeated study condition
10% forgetting in testing condition

Question 17

Semantic elaboration states that testing may enrich s____ r____ of a memory. This is because when we learn something, additional a____ are formed around it, giving a____ r____ r____

Answer 17

semantic representations
associations, alternative retrieval routes

Question 18

The idea of episodic context is that when information is studied and later tested, the c____ is different (p____, t____, i____ s____). Testing u____ memory trace so it includes o____ and n____ context. Larger r____ of potential c____ can now trigger recall, as they may match e____ old or new context.

Answer 18

context, place, time, internal state
updates, old, new
range, cues, either

Question 19

What research is the idea of episodic context supported by?

Answer 19

Findings that a difficult initial test is better. This is because people have to do more mental reinstatement (thinking back to place, time, internal state)

Question 20

What three things were found when testing memory for video clips tested over 7 days?
1. Higher f____ of p____ (p____) details than c____ (g____) information
2. But c____ r__-t____ recollection of the p____ information
3. R____ t____ also reduced forgetting of p____ details

Answer 20

1. forgetting, peripheral, perceptual, central, gist
2. cues, re-triggered, peripheral
3. repeated, testing, peripheral

Question 21

The testing effect shows that a memory is u____ in some way when it is retrieved

Answer 21

Updated