21. Talking about language

Question 1

Languages have structure both of f____ and of m____. The structures of form allow us to express m____, even though the r____ between the two types of structure are largely a____

Answer 1

form, meaning
meanings, relations, arbitrary

Question 2

There are issues about whether the notion of f____ applies at levels above i____ s____

Answer 2

form, individual sentences

Question 3

There is an arrangement on two fronts within language. What are these two fronts?
Patterns of f____
patterns of m____

Answer 3

Patterns of form
Patterns of meaning

Question 4

What are three sub-patterns within patterns of form?
1. Patterns of s____ (s____ language)
2. Patterns of v____ m____ (w____ language)
3. Patterns of h____ p____ etc (s____ language)

Answer 4

1. Patterns of sound (spoken language)
2. Patterns of visual marks (written language)
3. Patterns of hand positions etc (sign language)

Question 5

What is the term for both patterns of form and patterns of meaning?
D____ of p____

Answer 5

Duality of patterning

Question 6

In a very broad sense, what is the purpose of language? What are two elements this includes?

Answer 6

Communication
1. Communication information
2. Social interaction (including “doing things with words” e.g. “I promise…”)

Question 7

Linguistics is the study of what?

Answer 7

Language and languages

Question 8

The relations between “arrangements” in language allows languages to express m____. These relations are, mostly, a____

Answer 8

Meaning
arbitrary

Question 9

Sound symbolism is non-a____

Answer 9

arbitrary

Question 10

What is meant by phones?
The s____ of s____

Answer 10

The sounds of speech

Question 11

What is meant by phonemes?
A group of p____ that are e____ in a given l____, eventhough they are not exactly the s____ sound

Answer 11

A group of phones that are equivalent in a given language, eventhough they are not exactly the same sound

Question 12

If you change the phoneme, you change the …

Answer 12

meaning

Question 13

Written language is d____ from and d____ upon spoken language

Answer 13

derived from and dependent upon

Question 14

We group words h____ into p____ and larger u____

Answer 14

hierarchically, phrases, units (clauses and sentences)

Question 15

Words can have internal structure. The study of this is called m____

Answer 15

Morphology

Question 16

Morphemes are the s____ m____ unit of language

Answer 16

Smallest meaningful

Question 17

F____ morphemes are words by themselves

Answer 17

Free

Question 18

B____ morphemes are not words by themselves

Answer 18

Bound

Question 19

What do Inflectional and derivational bound morphemes do?
I - add g____ info, make a word of the same t____ (e.g. plural -s for nouns)
D - change the m____ and/or the word c____ (e.g. -ly)

Answer 19

I - add grammatical info, make a word of the same types (e.g. plural -s for nouns)
D - change the meaning and/or the word category (e.g. -ly)

Question 20

The literal meaning of a phrase depends on what two things?
1. The m____ of the words in it
2. The way they are p____ t____ (s____)

Answer 20

1. The makings of the words in it
2. The way they are put together (structurally)
   bonus - if you’re autistic lol

Question 21

The idea about putting meanings together is known as The Principle of C____

Answer 21

Compositionality

Question 22

Sentences typically depict e____, a____ s____ and p____ (“e____”). These e____ are r____ to each other as c____ and e____ or as s____ and s____ a____

Answer 22

events, actions, state, processes (“eventualities”)
eventualities, related
cause and effect
statement and supporting argument

Question 23

In complex sentences, there is more than one e____ (one per c____). The c____ may be related s____ via c____ and s____. These structural relations are p____ by m____ r____, following the principle of c____.

Answer 23

eventuality, clause, clause, structurally, co-ordination, subordination
paralleled, meaning relations, compositionality

Question 24

In addition to literal meaning, there are other types of (indirect) meaning, sometimes referred to as p____ meaning

Answer 24

pragmatic

Question 25

Stylistics includes things like d____ and r____ and overlaps with p____

Answer 25

dialect, register
pragmatics