21. Talking about language Flashcards
Languages have structure both of f____ and of m____. The structures of form allow us to express m____, even though the r____ between the two types of structure are largely a____
form, meaning
meanings, relations, arbitrary
There are issues about whether the notion of f____ applies at levels above i____ s____
form, individual sentences
There is an arrangement on two fronts within language. What are these two fronts?
Patterns of f____
patterns of m____
Patterns of form
Patterns of meaning
What are three sub-patterns within patterns of form?
1. Patterns of s____ (s____ language)
2. Patterns of v____ m____ (w____ language)
3. Patterns of h____ p____ etc (s____ language)
- Patterns of sound (spoken language)
- Patterns of visual marks (written language)
- Patterns of hand positions etc (sign language)
What is the term for both patterns of form and patterns of meaning?
D____ of p____
Duality of patterning
In a very broad sense, what is the purpose of language? What are two elements this includes?
Communication
1. Communication information
2. Social interaction (including “doing things with words” e.g. “I promise…”)
Linguistics is the study of what?
Language and languages
The relations between “arrangements” in language allows languages to express m____. These relations are, mostly, a____
Meaning
arbitrary
Sound symbolism is non-a____
arbitrary
What is meant by phones?
The s____ of s____
The sounds of speech
What is meant by phonemes?
A group of p____ that are e____ in a given l____, eventhough they are not exactly the s____ sound
A group of phones that are equivalent in a given language, eventhough they are not exactly the same sound
If you change the phoneme, you change the …
meaning
Written language is d____ from and d____ upon spoken language
derived from and dependent upon
We group words h____ into p____ and larger u____
hierarchically, phrases, units (clauses and sentences)
Words can have internal structure. The study of this is called m____
Morphology
Morphemes are the s____ m____ unit of language
Smallest meaningful
F____ morphemes are words by themselves
Free
B____ morphemes are not words by themselves
Bound
What do Inflectional and derivational bound morphemes do?
I - add g____ info, make a word of the same t____ (e.g. plural -s for nouns)
D - change the m____ and/or the word c____ (e.g. -ly)
I - add grammatical info, make a word of the same types (e.g. plural -s for nouns)
D - change the meaning and/or the word category (e.g. -ly)
The literal meaning of a phrase depends on what two things?
1. The m____ of the words in it
2. The way they are p____ t____ (s____)
- The makings of the words in it
- The way they are put together (structurally)
bonus - if you’re autistic lol
The idea about putting meanings together is known as The Principle of Co____ity
Compositionality
Sentences typically depict ev____, ac____ st____ and pr____ (“ev____”). These ev____ are re____ to each other as ca____ and ef____ or as st____ and su____ ar____
events, actions, state, processes (“eventualities”)
eventualities, related
cause and effect
statement and supporting argument
In complex sentences, there is more than one e____ (one per c____). The c____ may be related s____ via c____ and s____. These structural relations are p____ by m____ r____, following the principle of c____.
eventuality, clause, clause, structurally, co-ordination, subordination
paralleled, meaning relations, compositionality
In addition to literal meaning, there are other types of (indirect) meaning, sometimes referred to as pr____tic meaning
pragmatic
Stylistics includes things like d____ and r____ and overlaps with p____
dialect, register
pragmatics
