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Cardiopulmonology > (9) Respiratory Tract (Dennis) > Flashcards

(9) Respiratory Tract (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the conducting portion?

A

Collects and warms air!!!

Then transmits the air to respiratory portion

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2
Q

What structures constitute the conducting portion?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Nasopharynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary/secondary/tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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3
Q

What is the function of the respiratory portion?

A

Passes air to alveoli with the purpose of gaseous exchange

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4
Q

What structures constitute the respiratory portion?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
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5
Q

What is this?

A

Respiratory Epithelium

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6
Q

What cell type constitues the majority of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

*Note: Cilia are never present on true stratified epithelia

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7
Q

Where does respiratory epithelium exist?

A

CONFINED to airways of the respiratory system

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8
Q

What are the major cell types of respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated, columnar epithelial cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Non-ciliated basal cells (stem cells)
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9
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Synthesize and secrete mucus

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10
Q

What does the apical cytoplasm of goblet cells contain?

A

DENSE AGGREGATION OF mucigen granules!!!

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11
Q

What is this showing?

A

Nasal Cavities

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12
Q

Nasal cavities are divided by ____________

A

Nasal septum

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13
Q

What are the three regions of nasal cavities?

A
  1. Nasal Vestibule
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory region
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14
Q

Where is the nasal vestible?

lined by?

A

Just inside the nostrils

Lined by skin

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15
Q

Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

What is it lined with?

A

Inferior 2/3 of nasal cavities

Lined with respiratory mucosa

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16
Q

Where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

What is it lined by?

A

Located at the apex (upper 1/3)

Specialized olfactory mucosa

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17
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavities?

A

Adjusts temperature and humidity of inspired air

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18
Q

Hallmarks of olfactory mucosa?

A

Dramatically thicker

LACKS goblet cells

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19
Q

Describe:

Olfactory Mucosa

A
  • Contains receptors for sense of smell
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Has olfactory glands –> serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules
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20
Q

Describe:

Olfactory Receptor Cells

A
  • Single dendritic process
  • Specialized non motile cilia w/ odorant receptors
  • Ligand binding causes signals to be sent to olfactory bulb
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21
Q

Olfactory Mucosa:

Function of:

BASAL CELLS

A

Stem cells for olfactory receptor and supporting cells

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22
Q

Olfactory Mucosa:

What are:

BRUSH CELLS

A

Ciliated

Columnar epithelial cells

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23
Q

Olfactory Mucosa:

Function of:

Supporting/Sustentacular Cells

A

Provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells

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24
Q

(within the olfactory epithelium)

What are these?

A
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25
Q

Label the olfactory epithelium

A
26
Q

KNOW THIS PICTURE COLD

A
27
Q

Which types of cells extend into the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelium

Smooth muscle

Elastic fibers

28
Q

Which type of tissues stop earliest in the airway system?

A

Goblet cells

Glands

Hyaline cartilage

29
Q

What is this?

*I know the labels are on there but still…

A

Esophagus and trachea

30
Q

What is this revealing?

A

4 layers of trachea

31
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Cartilaginous layer
  • Adventitia
32
Q

What are these showing?

A

Trachea

33
Q

What are defining characteristics of epithelia in the trachea?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
  • NUMEROUS goblet cells
  • Elastic, fiber-rich lamina propria
  • BALT
34
Q

What is a defining characteristic of submucosa of the trachea?

A

Rich in submucosal glands

35
Q

What is a characteristic features of the cartilage layer of the trachea?

A

‘C-shaped’ cartilage rings

36
Q

What is characteristic of the adventitia layer of the trachea?

A

Trachealis m.

Few sub mucosal glands

37
Q

What is this revealing?

A

Bronchi

38
Q

What are hallmarks of the bronchi?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
  • Cells shorter in height
  • Fewer goblet cells

-INCREASE ELASTIC FIBERS in LAMINA PROPRIA

-INCOMPLETE CARTILAGE CHUNKS

39
Q

What is this revealing?

A

Bronchial Wall

40
Q

What is this?

A

Bronchiole

41
Q

Major hallmark for bronchioles?

A

NO CARTILAGE PLATES

42
Q

What cells do you START to see in bronchioles?

A

Clara cells

43
Q

What is this revealing?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

44
Q

Hallmark cell that is abundant in terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium w/

CLARA CELLS

45
Q

Function of clara cells

A

Secrete a lipoprotein that…

prevents luminal adhesion w/ airway collapse (during expiration)

46
Q

What is the last bronchiolar structure you see before hitting the respiratory alveoli?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

47
Q

Respiratory bronchioles branch into…

A

Alveolar Ducts

Alveolar Rings

Alveolar Sacs

and

Alveoli

48
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

2+ clusters of alveoli

49
Q

What is the order from largest to smallest of the following terms?

  • Alveolar ducts
  • Respiratory bronchiole
  • Alveolar sacs
A

Respiratory Bronchiole -> Alveolar ducts -> Alveolar sacs

50
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A

Rings around alveolar ducts

51
Q

What are these?

A

Alveoli

52
Q

What are these lined with?

A

Type I and II pneumocytes

53
Q

What are these?

A

Type I Pneumocytes (P1)

54
Q

Function of these cells?

A

Type I Pneumocytes (P1)

Create surface for gas exchange

Closely associated with capillaries

55
Q

What is this?

A

Type II Pneumocytes (P2)

56
Q

Function of these cells?

A

Type II Pneumocytes (P2)

Secrete surfactant

57
Q

What causes asthma? (physiologically)

A

Bronchiole inflammation and smooth muscle constriction

White blood cell infiltration

Increased goblet cells

58
Q

What is this revealing?

A

Asthmatic airway

59
Q

What is this revealing?

A

Emphysema

60
Q

Anatomically, what is emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement of air spaces…

Leads to significant area of gas exchange lost

61
Q

What disease is this showing?

A

Pneumonia

62
Q
A

Cardiopulmonology (22 decks)

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