9 - Muscular System Flashcards
The point where muscle attaches to the moving bone is referred to as the _____
Insertion
The connective tissue that binds muscles together is the ______
Fascia
Lack of oxygen to the muscle causes _____
Ischemia
RICE is the acronym for _____
Rest, ice, compression, elevation
The fleshy part of a muscle is the _____
Belly
A progressive loss of muscle fibers without any nervous system involvement is caused by _____
Muscular Dystrophy
A progressive weakening of the muscle caused by degenerating neurons is ______
Muscular atrophy
The study of the muscular system is called _____
Myology
The condition in which the tendon sheath is inflamed is called _____
Tenosynovitis
The number of muscles in the human body is ____
630
____ is a condition also known as wry neck.
Torticollis
The only one of the following conditions that could be caused by poisoning would be:
a. Poliomyelitis
b. Anterior compartment syndrome
c. Myositis ossificans
d. Acquired toxic myopathy
Acquired toxic myopathy
____ means pear-shaped.
Piriformis
Spreading your fingers is an example of _____
Abduction
The rotator cuff muscles include ____
Teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus
The study of the muscular system.
Myology
Muscles also called striated (striped) are referred to as voluntary muscles because they enable conscious movements.
Skeletal muscles
Non striated (striped) muscles that contract involuntarily; they line various internal organs and blood vessels.
Smooth muscles
Muscle found only in the heart and is striated (striped) but also contracts involuntarily.
Cardiac muscle
The point where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone. It is usually closest to the trunk of the body, or proximal.
Origin
The mid-portion of the muscle, or fleshy part between the insertion and origin.
Belly
The prime mover that is the main muscle that contracts to perform an action.
Agonist
The opposing muscle that stretches and yields to the actions of the agonist.
Antagonist
Another term for connective tissue.
Fascia
What fascia keeps the muscles separated from the skin?
Superficial fascia
Which fascia holds in body temperature and serves as muscle protection.
Adipose fascia
Which fascia lines the body walls and related muscles together in addition to carrying blood and lymph vessels?
Deep fascia
The outer layer of the muscle that covers the whole muscle.
Epimysium
The center layer of the muscle that surrounds muscle fibers that are separated into groups of fascicles.
Perimysium
Muscle fibers that are separated into groups of 10 to more than 100.
Fascicles
The thin sheet of connective tissue that surrounds the inside of each fascicle and separates the individual muscle fibers.
Endomysium
What each individual muscle fiber in composed of.
Myofibrils
Cords of thick tissue that serve as the attachments between skeletal muscle and bone.
Tendons
A connective tissue that stretches over a broad, flat area, such as on the heel or the top of the head.
Aponeurosis
The ability for muscle tissue to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals.
Electrical excitability
The ability for muscle tissue to contract when stimulated by a nerve signal.
Contractility
The ability for muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged.
Extensibility
The ability for muscle tissue to return to its original shape and length after it has been contracted or extended.
Elasticity
A gap between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber where nerve signals are transmitted.
Synapse
The three proteins that muscles are made of.
Contractile
Regulatory
Structural
What is the synapse known as?
Neuromuscular junction
Muscle fibers that are tiny and contract slowly. They are capable of prolonged contraction - for instance, enabling us to stand for hours.
Slow-twitch fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in diameter and can produce the most powerful contractions, but fatigue quickly.
Fast-twitch fibers
An alternating pattern of motor units being active and inactive, resulting in keeping the muscle firm without causing any action causes _____
Muscle tone
A characteristic of muscle fibers where the stimulus must be strong enough to excite the entire fiber - or none of the muscle will react.
All-or-none response
Action where the bone (and muscle) is coming closer to the midline.
Adduction
Action where the bone (and muscle) is moving away from the midline.
Abduction
Decreasing the angle of a joint.
Flexion
Movement turning inward.
Inversion
Movement turning upward.
Supination
Movement turning downward.
Pronation
A muscle that moves bone away from the midline.
Abductor
A muscle that moves bone closer to the midline.
Adductor
The main muscle that contracts to perform an action; also known as the prime mover.
Agonist
The opposing muscle that stretches and yields to the the agonist.
Antagonist
Muscle having two heads.
Biceps
Shortest muscle.
Brevis
A muscle that turns inferiorly or posteriorly.
Pronator
A muscle that produces inferior motions.
Depressor
A muscle that decreases the angle of a joint.
Flexor
A muscle that contracts to stabilize intermediate joints to either help prevent unwanted movements or aid the movement of the agonist.
Synergist
Stretching or tearing of a ligament.
Sprain
Tearing of a muscle itself and is usually less serious.
Strain
A general term that refers to any disease of the muscle.
Myopathy
A progressive weakening of the muscle caused by degenerating neurons.
Muscular atrophy
A collective term for diseases that cause a progressive loss of muscle fibers without any nervous system involvement.
Muscular dystrophy
A benign tumor composed of muscle tissue.
Myoma
Inflammation of the muscle.
Myositis
When muscle tissue accumulates calcium deposits and begins to harden.
Myositis ossificans
A permanent shortening of a muscle
Contracture
A permanent shortening of a muscle caused by damaged or destroyed muscle fibers being replaced by scar tissue, usually caused by a lack of circulation from some outside interference such as cast or elastic bandage that is too tight.
Volkmann contracture
A painless thickening of the fascia in the palm of the hand that results in the inability to move the digits.
Dupuytren contracture
Tender areas of hyperirritability that cause sensations to be referred to an area outside of the specific tenderness.
Trigger points
Damage to muscle caused by environmental toxins or by a failure of the body to metabolize certain nutrients; not a genetic condition.
Acquired metabolic and toxic myopathies
Another term for shin splints.
Anterior compartment syndrome
A chronic condition characterized by severe chronic fatigue of six months or longer duration. Linked to the Epstein-Barr virus.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
An unusually painful muscle contraction.
Cramp/spasm
Muscles that are weak, lax or soft
Flaccidity
A protrusion of an organ or other tissue through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity normally containing it, or in the soft tissue.
Hernia
Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot; very painful.
Plantar fasciitis
An acute viral disease that can end in permanent muscle atrophy and contracture.
Poliomyelitis
A neuromuscular syndrome that may develop years after recovering from polio.
Post-polio syndrome
A tear in one of the rotator cuff muscles.
Rotator cuff tear
Tenderness, swelling and pain of the anterior leg muscles.
Shin splint
A condition characterized by increased muscle tone in which abnormal stretch reflexes intensify muscle resistance to passive movements.
Spasticity
Inflammation of tendons and muscle attachments.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheath (covering).
Tenosynovitis
A contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing a twisted neck and unnatural head position; sometimes referred to as “wry neck”.
Torticollis
