14 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
Transport gases, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body tissues; remove waste products from the tissues; regulate the body’s pH; regulate the amounts of fluid present in the tissues; assist in regulating body temperature; and protect against pathogens.
The study of the heart and the circulatory system and it’s diseases and disorders.
Cardiology
What percent is the plasma in the blood?
55%
Plasma is composed of what percent of water?
90%
Regulates the blood pressure by functioning like a sponge to keep water in the vascular compartment to maintain plasma volume.
Albumins
Helps fight infection and transport a variety of substances.
Globulins
Causes blood to clot.
Fibrinogens
What percentage of blood is red blood cells?
40 -50%
Another term for red blood cells.
Erythrocytes
Another term for white blood cells.
Leukocytes
Cell fragments that contribute to blood clotting.
Thrombocytes
The process of blood clotting.
Coagulation
Another term for blood clot.
Thrombus
A blood clot that breaks free and moves through the vessel.
Embolism
The blood types depend on the presence or absence of what?
ABO antigens
The major vein draining the thorax and the head, ending at the right atrium.
Superior vena cava
A large venous trunk draining the lower extremities and the abdominopelvic region.
Inferior vena cava
The only veins that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary veins
A measurement of the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute.
Cardiac output
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
Systole
A contraction of the atrium.
Atrial systole
The pacemaker of the heart; it is the impulse-generating tissue that normally dictates heart rate.
Sinoatrial node (SA)
The largest artery in the body; it originates at the heart and branches into the extremities, the neck, and all the major organs; supplies oxygenated blood throughout the body.
Aorta
A heart valve that divides the left ventricle from the aorta.
Aortic valve
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Artery
A structure located between the atria and the ventricles that conducts electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular node (AV)
One of the two upper (receiving) chambers of the heart.
Atrium
A pressure receptor on the inside walls of some arteries that is sensitive to stretching of the walls occurring from an increase in pressure.
Baroreceptor
The heart valve that divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. It has two flaps; also known as the mitral valve.
Bicuspid valve
A group of specialized cells that rapidly conduct electrical impulses down into the ventricles.
Bundle branch
The smallest blood vessel that contains oxygenated blood.
Capillary
The complete round of circulation from the time one event in the heart occurs until the instant when the same event occurs again.
Cardiac cycle
A measurement of the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute.
Cardiac output
Referring to a slowing of the heart rate.
Cardioinhibitory
The A-B-C procedure to artificially return the heartbeat to normal. Establish an airway, provide ventilation to restart breathing, and perform chest compressions to reestablish circulation.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Cells that are specialized to rapidly spread the electrical signal through the myocardium.
Conduction pathway
The arteries that supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
Coronary arteries
An outlet that drains the five coronary veins into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
The time it takes in between ventricular contractions for ventricular filling to occur; the phase during which the heart muscle relaxes.
Diastole
The innermost of the three layers of the heart wall.
Endocardium
The outermost of the three layers of the heart wall.
Epicardium
The number of beats per minute.
Heart rate
A venous system draining the intestines that leads to a second set of capillaries in the liver.
Hepatic portal system
The cavity in a blood vessel through which blood flows.
Lumen
The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart; the muscular wall of the heart.
Myocardium
The concentration of hydrogen ion, used as a scale to denote acidity or alkalinity.
PH scale
The circulation of blood through the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation
A valve that divides the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary valve
Veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary veins
A type of fiber that stimulates the contraction of the myocardium.
Purkinje fibers
The pacemaker tissue of the heart; an impulse-generating tissue.
Sinoatrial node (SA)
The amount of blood that is pumped out of one ventricle as a result of one contraction of the cardiac muscle.
Stroke volume
A nerve or substance that causes a blood vessel to constrict.
Vasoconstrictor
A nerve or substance that causes a blood vessel to dilate.
Vasodilator
A vessel that carries blood toward the heart.
Vein
The chamber of the heart responsible for pumping the blood.
Ventricle
A tiny vessel that collectively forms veins.
Venule
A life-threatening allergic reaction resulting in difficulty breathing and low blood pressure.
Anaphylactic shock
A deficiency of red blood cells that results in too little oxygen reaching tissues and organs.
Anemia
A blood-filled, pulsing sac formed by the dilation of the wall of an artery or vein.
Aneurysm
Chest pain resulting from inadequate oxygen reaching the heart muscle, characterized by a “squeezing” feeling in the middle of the chest; usually caused by atherosclerosis.
Angina
A total lack of oxygen in the tissues.
Anoxia
A condition resulting from the bone marrow producing too few red and white blood cells; too little oxygen reaches the organs and tissues; the usual causes are drugs, radiation, and/or cancer.
Aplastic anemia
An irregular heartbeat.
Arrhythmia
A general term for hardening or calcification of the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis
A progressive narrowing and hardening of the walls of the arteries caused by fatty deposits that build on the inner walls of the arteries and interfere with blood flow.
Atherosclerosis
A decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to anemia, increased risk for infections, and excess bleeding.
Bone marrow suppression
An unusual slowness of the heartbeat.
Bradycardia
A complete shutdown of the heart’s pumping action, probably caused by a heart attack, respiratory arrest, electrical shock, extreme cold, blood loss, drug overdose, or severe allergic reaction.
Cardiac arrest
Inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues caused by heart failure, causing depression of all bodily functions.
Cardiogenic shock
A birth defect that results in the aorta being too narrow for sufficient blood transport.
Coarctation of the aorta
An insufficient pumping action of the heart that leads to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and swelling of the lower extremities.
Congestive heart failure
A narrowing of the arteries that prevents adequate blood flow to the heart, ultimately resulting in a heart attack.
Coronary artery disease
A blue tint to the skin, nails, or mucous membranes resulting from a lack of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Cyanosis
Blood clots in the veins of the inner thigh or leg that have the potential to break off and go into the lungs, causing respiratory distress or failure.
Deep vein thrombosis
Swelling caused by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space.
Edema
A blood clot that forms in the vessel in one part of the body and travels to another part.
Embolus
Tissue death from a lack of oxygen or nutrients, resulting in bacterial infection and putrefaction.
Gangrene
The delay or complete block of electrical impulses in the heart.
Heart block
An anemia resulting from red cells that survive an abnormally short time.
Hemolytic anemia
A genetic condition characterized by the absence of clotting factors in the blood.
Hemophilia
Anemia resulting from a loss of blood.
Hemorrhagic anemia
A painful swelling varicosity around the opening of the anus.
Hemorrhoid
Persistently high blood pressure.
Hypertension
Abnormally low blood pressure.
Hypotension
Abnormally low levels of plasma in the blood, resulting in the inability to maintain proper blood pressure and tissue function, and profound physical depression of the entire body.
Hypovolemic shock
A decrease of oxygen to an area even though there may be adequate blood flow.
Hypoxia
A malignancy of the blood-forming tissue, causing a seriously abnormal increase of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the tissue.
Leukemia
A floppy bicuspid valve that is working incorrectly, usually causes no symptoms.
Mitral valve proplapse
An irreversible injury to the heart muscle; commonly known as a heart attack.
Myocardial infarction
Abnormal heart function caused by a lack of sufficient oxygen to the heart muscle; may lead to electrical arrhythmias, mechanical dysfunction of the heart, angina, or myocardial infarction.
Myocardial ischemia
An abnormal heart sound most often caused by heart valves not functioning correctly.
Murmur
Cell death caused by disease or injury; may progress to include tissue and organ damage.
Necrosis
Anemia caused by a deficiency of iron, folic acid, vitamins, or proteins necessary to build red blood cells.
Nutritional anemia
A birth defect causing the normal channel between the aorta and the pulmonary artery to fail to close.
Patent ductus arteriosus
An inflammation of the pericardium.
Pericarditis
An anemia that results from an insufficient number of red blood cells caused by the lack of vitamin B12 in the body.
Pernicious anemia
The inflammation of a vein.
Phlebitis
Blood vessel spasms in the fingers and toe, resulting in pallor (discoloration); indicative of a lack of circulation.
Raynaud disease
A birth defect involving a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart.
Septal defect
The presence of bacteria in the blood.
Septicemia
A frequently fatal type of shock that often accompanies burns or traumatic abdominal wounds resulting from endotoxins (toxin-like cells that bind to bacteria) released by the infecting bacteria.
Septic shock
A type of blood disease common in African Americans and others who originate in areas where malaria is common.
Sickle cell anemia
An excessively rapid heartbeat, usually classified as more than 100 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
A congenital birth defect in which the aorta is on the wrong side; the most serious of several heart conditions occurring together and resulting in a “blue baby” from lack of oxygen.
Tetralogy of Fallot
An inflammation of a vein with the potential for blood clotting.
Thrombophlebitis
An abnormal swelling of the veins of the legs.
Varicose veins
