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National Exam > 6 - Cellular Level of the Body > Flashcards

6 - Cellular Level of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Energy for many of the body’s processes is supplied by ________

A

ATP

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2
Q

______ is the study of the structure of cells.

A

Cellology

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3
Q

The genetic information of cells is encoded in _______

A

DNA

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4
Q

Most chemical activities fo the cells take place in the ______

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

The splitting of a compound into fragments by adding water is called ______

A

Hydrolysis

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6
Q

Special structures in the cell that perform specific functions.

A

Organelles

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7
Q

Mitosis results in _______

A

Two daughter cells

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8
Q

Lou Gehrig disease is also known as _______

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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9
Q

Which of the following affects people of African descent?

A

Sickle cell anemia

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10
Q

Genetic information is transferred from DNA to the cytoplasm by ______

A

RNA

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11
Q

The _______ is the control center of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

A birth defect due to both parents having an abnormal gene is referred to as ______

A

Recessive inheritance

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13
Q

The human genome contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A

23

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14
Q

A ____ cell contains a single set of chromosomes.

A

Haploid

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15
Q

Every cell in the body has ____ genes.

A

50,000+

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16
Q

The smallest membrane-enclosed compartment that can sustain life independent of other entities.

A

Cell

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17
Q

The study of the structure and function of cells.

A

Cytology

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18
Q

Another term for cytology.

A

Cell physiology

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19
Q

A protective barrier and a communicator between the environments inside and outside of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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20
Q

When the plasma membrane regulates what substances may enter or exit the cell.

A

Selectively permeable

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21
Q

A process during which molecules or ions spread from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration until the concentration is the same throughout the cell.

A

Diffusion

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22
Q

When a substance is diffusing across a semipermeable membrane

A

Passive transport

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23
Q

The energy-requiring movement of ions, nutrients and molecules across the plasma membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the substance’s concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

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24
Q

Cell division is sometimes referred to as _______

A

Proliferation

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25
Q

A ______ is a segment of the cell’s DNA.

A

Gene

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26
Q

A form of nuclear division in which there are actually two successive divisions without involving and chromosome replication.

A

Meiosis

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27
Q

During meiosis, it results in the formation of 4 daughter cells, each of which are called _______

A

Haploid

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28
Q

The union of an egg and sperm during fertilization yields a ______ egg, with a full set of paired chromosomes.

A

Diploid

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29
Q

The planned death of cells, programmed genetically during different stages of development.

A

Apoptosis

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30
Q

A grooved passage composed of proteins that allow substances to flow in and out of the cell.

A

Channel

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31
Q

The thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA and proteins.

A

Chromosome

32
Q

Tiny hair-like structures that propel single-celled organisms. They serve the purpose of moving particles along a tissue surface.

A

Cilia

33
Q

An unequal distribution of a substance, often in reference to a higher concentration on one side of the plasma membrane than on the other.

A

Concentration gradient

34
Q

An abnormality in embryonic or fetal development that is present at birth.

A

Congenital defect

35
Q

The division of cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus.

A

Cytokinesis

36
Q

A network of filaments that provide structural support for a cell and act as channels for some types of cellular transport.

A

Cytoskeleton

37
Q

The fluid part of cytoplasm.

A

Cytosol

38
Q

A condition that gradually gets worse over time.

A

Degenerative disease

39
Q

The spontaneous movement of molecules to reach equilibrium, a uniform concentration; occurs naturally and requires no cellular input.

A

Diffusion

40
Q

The inheritance of a trait or disease from a parent who exhibited the trait and had at least one gene for the trait.

A

Dominant inheritance

41
Q

A membrane system present throughout the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.

A

Enzyme

43
Q

A cell that has a nucleus containing genetic material.

A

Eukaryote

44
Q

The release of material from a cell by the fusion of a closed membrane shell with a plasma membrane.

A

Exocytosis

45
Q

The passage of liquid through a filter.

A

Filtration

46
Q

Tiny thread-like extensions that provide locomotion for the cell, are similar to cilia but longer, and in humans are found only on sperm.

A

Flagella

47
Q

Experimental techniques for producing molecules of DNA containing new genes, usually for the purpose of cloning.

A

Genetic engineering

48
Q

A cellular organelle; a stack of membrane sacs where sugar is added to protein and where cellular products are packaged.

A

Golgi apparatus

49
Q

The splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water.

A

Hydrolysis

50
Q

A tiny sac containing enzymes that ingest cellular matter that is damaged or foreign to the body.

A

Lysosome

51
Q

A change in the genetic material.

A

Mutation

52
Q

The death of cells resulting from injury.

A

Necrosis

53
Q

The basic component of DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleotide

54
Q

The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

55
Q

The pressure exerted by water or other solvents flowing into a solution through a membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

56
Q

A cell that has the ability to ingest and destroy such substances as bacteria and cellular debris.

A

Phagocyte

57
Q

The uptake of fluid material into a cell.

A

Pinocytosis

58
Q

A cell whose genetic material is not contained in a nucleus, such as a bacterium.

A

Prokaryote

59
Q

The inheritance of a trait or disease when both parents have the same abnormal gene, although they may or may not have the trait or disease.

A

Recessive inheritance

60
Q

The reproduction of an exact copy.

A

Replication

61
Q

A cellular organelle; a component of RNA involved in synthesizing proteins.

A

Ribosome

62
Q

The property of the plasma membrane that allows the passage of certain substances into and out of the cell.

A

Selective permeability

63
Q

An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves’ disease

64
Q

A terminal disease characterized by mental and physical deterioration.

A

Huntington disease

65
Q

Excessive thyroid activity, resulting in insomnia, palpitations, intolerance of heat, and other symptoms.

A

Hyperthyroidism

66
Q

A deficiency of thyroid activity, resulting lethargy, decreased metabolism, intolerance of cold, and other symptoms.

A

Hypothyroidism

67
Q

A systemic autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies to its own tissues, resulting in severe inflammation to the vital organs.

A

Lupus

68
Q

A neurological disease causing a progressive loss of muscle contraction, characterized by a slackening of the musculature of the face and upper body and drooping of the eyelids.

A

Myasthenia

69
Q

A sleep disorder that causes uncontrollable sleep during the day and disturbed sleep at night; may be accompanied by cataplexy, which causes a sudden temporary loss of muscle tone.

A

Narcolepsy

70
Q

A progressive bone disease resulting in the replacement of normal bone by less strong fibrous and/or unorganized bone tissue.

A

Paget disease

71
Q

Recurring blood vessel spasms in the digits that causes a pallor (whitening) of the fingers and toes.

A

Raynaud disease

72
Q

Hyperactivity of the pigmented cells of the retina, leading to blindness.

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

73
Q

A group of major psychotic disorders that cause irrational thought, delusions, hallucinations and bizarre behavior.

A

Schizophrenia

74
Q

A birth defect in which the vertebral arch does not fuse close, leaving the spinal cord exposed.

A

Spina bifida

75
Q

A birth defect among people of Eastern European Jewish heritage that causes early death because of the abnormal metabolism of fats; affects the brain and nerves.

A

Tay-Sachs disease

National Exam (22 decks)

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