6 - Cellular Level of the Body Flashcards
Energy for many of the body’s processes is supplied by ________
ATP
______ is the study of the structure of cells.
Cellology
The genetic information of cells is encoded in _______
DNA
Most chemical activities fo the cells take place in the ______
Cytoplasm
The splitting of a compound into fragments by adding water is called ______
Hydrolysis
Special structures in the cell that perform specific functions.
Organelles
Mitosis results in _______
Two daughter cells
Lou Gehrig disease is also known as _______
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which of the following affects people of African descent?
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic information is transferred from DNA to the cytoplasm by ______
RNA
The _______ is the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
A birth defect due to both parents having an abnormal gene is referred to as ______
Recessive inheritance
The human genome contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.
23
A ____ cell contains a single set of chromosomes.
Haploid
Every cell in the body has ____ genes.
50,000+
The smallest membrane-enclosed compartment that can sustain life independent of other entities.
Cell
The study of the structure and function of cells.
Cytology
Another term for cytology.
Cell physiology
A protective barrier and a communicator between the environments inside and outside of the cell.
Plasma membrane
When the plasma membrane regulates what substances may enter or exit the cell.
Selectively permeable
A process during which molecules or ions spread from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration until the concentration is the same throughout the cell.
Diffusion
When a substance is diffusing across a semipermeable membrane
Passive transport
The energy-requiring movement of ions, nutrients and molecules across the plasma membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the substance’s concentration gradient.
Active transport
Cell division is sometimes referred to as _______
Proliferation
A ______ is a segment of the cell’s DNA.
Gene
A form of nuclear division in which there are actually two successive divisions without involving and chromosome replication.
Meiosis
During meiosis, it results in the formation of 4 daughter cells, each of which are called _______
Haploid
The union of an egg and sperm during fertilization yields a ______ egg, with a full set of paired chromosomes.
Diploid
The planned death of cells, programmed genetically during different stages of development.
Apoptosis
A grooved passage composed of proteins that allow substances to flow in and out of the cell.
Channel
The thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA and proteins.
Chromosome
Tiny hair-like structures that propel single-celled organisms. They serve the purpose of moving particles along a tissue surface.
Cilia
An unequal distribution of a substance, often in reference to a higher concentration on one side of the plasma membrane than on the other.
Concentration gradient
An abnormality in embryonic or fetal development that is present at birth.
Congenital defect
The division of cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus.
Cytokinesis
A network of filaments that provide structural support for a cell and act as channels for some types of cellular transport.
Cytoskeleton
The fluid part of cytoplasm.
Cytosol
A condition that gradually gets worse over time.
Degenerative disease
The spontaneous movement of molecules to reach equilibrium, a uniform concentration; occurs naturally and requires no cellular input.
Diffusion
The inheritance of a trait or disease from a parent who exhibited the trait and had at least one gene for the trait.
Dominant inheritance
A membrane system present throughout the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.
Enzyme
A cell that has a nucleus containing genetic material.
Eukaryote
The release of material from a cell by the fusion of a closed membrane shell with a plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
The passage of liquid through a filter.
Filtration
Tiny thread-like extensions that provide locomotion for the cell, are similar to cilia but longer, and in humans are found only on sperm.
Flagella
Experimental techniques for producing molecules of DNA containing new genes, usually for the purpose of cloning.
Genetic engineering
A cellular organelle; a stack of membrane sacs where sugar is added to protein and where cellular products are packaged.
Golgi apparatus
The splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water.
Hydrolysis
A tiny sac containing enzymes that ingest cellular matter that is damaged or foreign to the body.
Lysosome
A change in the genetic material.
Mutation
The death of cells resulting from injury.
Necrosis
The basic component of DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide
The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis
The pressure exerted by water or other solvents flowing into a solution through a membrane.
Osmotic pressure
A cell that has the ability to ingest and destroy such substances as bacteria and cellular debris.
Phagocyte
The uptake of fluid material into a cell.
Pinocytosis
A cell whose genetic material is not contained in a nucleus, such as a bacterium.
Prokaryote
The inheritance of a trait or disease when both parents have the same abnormal gene, although they may or may not have the trait or disease.
Recessive inheritance
The reproduction of an exact copy.
Replication
A cellular organelle; a component of RNA involved in synthesizing proteins.
Ribosome
The property of the plasma membrane that allows the passage of certain substances into and out of the cell.
Selective permeability
An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.
Graves’ disease
A terminal disease characterized by mental and physical deterioration.
Huntington disease
Excessive thyroid activity, resulting in insomnia, palpitations, intolerance of heat, and other symptoms.
Hyperthyroidism
A deficiency of thyroid activity, resulting lethargy, decreased metabolism, intolerance of cold, and other symptoms.
Hypothyroidism
A systemic autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies to its own tissues, resulting in severe inflammation to the vital organs.
Lupus
A neurological disease causing a progressive loss of muscle contraction, characterized by a slackening of the musculature of the face and upper body and drooping of the eyelids.
Myasthenia
A sleep disorder that causes uncontrollable sleep during the day and disturbed sleep at night; may be accompanied by cataplexy, which causes a sudden temporary loss of muscle tone.
Narcolepsy
A progressive bone disease resulting in the replacement of normal bone by less strong fibrous and/or unorganized bone tissue.
Paget disease
Recurring blood vessel spasms in the digits that causes a pallor (whitening) of the fingers and toes.
Raynaud disease
Hyperactivity of the pigmented cells of the retina, leading to blindness.
Retinitis pigmentosa
A group of major psychotic disorders that cause irrational thought, delusions, hallucinations and bizarre behavior.
Schizophrenia
A birth defect in which the vertebral arch does not fuse close, leaving the spinal cord exposed.
Spina bifida
A birth defect among people of Eastern European Jewish heritage that causes early death because of the abnormal metabolism of fats; affects the brain and nerves.
Tay-Sachs disease
