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National Exam > 17 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

17 - The Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

Another term for the GI tract (digestive tract)

A

Alimentary canal

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1
Q

The process of absorbing substances into cells or across tissues.

A

Absorption

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2
Q

The terminal opening of the GI tract

A

Anus

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3
Q

The first section of the large intestine, beginning in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen and ending in the upper right quandrant at the transverse colon.

A

Ascending colon

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4
Q

A yellow-green liquid substance secreted by the liver that aids in the absorption of fats; stored in the gall bladder.

A

Bile

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5
Q

Food that has been acted upon by digestive enzymes but has not yet passed into the small intestine.

A

Chyme

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6
Q

A duct that transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the duodenum.

A

Common bile duct

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7
Q

The duct that connects the common bile duct to the gall bladder.

A

Cystic duct

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8
Q

The fourth segment of the large intestine that connects the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon.

A

Descending colon

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9
Q

The first segment of the small intestine connecting the pelorus and the jejunum.

A

Duodenum

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10
Q

The segment of the digestive tract between the pharynx and the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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11
Q

A ring of striated muscle fibers surrounding the anal opening.

A

External anal sphincter

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12
Q

The bottom of any hollow organ, such as the stomach.

A

Fundus

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13
Q

The organ that stores the bile that is produced in the liver; involved in the absorption of fats.

A

Gallbladder

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14
Q

The liquid secretions of the stomach.

A

Gastric juice

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15
Q

The gums of the mouth.

A

Gingivae

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16
Q

Part of the peritoneum, the sac that covers most of the intestines.

A

Greater omentum

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17
Q

The entryway to the colon from the small intestine.

A

Ileocecal valve

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18
Q

The last segment of the small intestine connecting with the large intestine.

A

Ileum

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19
Q

The ring of smooth muscle surrounding the internal part of the anal opening.

A

Internal anal sphincter

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20
Q

The segment of the small intestine connecting the duodenum to the ileum.

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

The digestive organ that forms and transports waste matter from the rest of the GI tract.

A

Large intestine

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22
Q

Part of the peritoneum that connects the stomach and liver.

A

Lower omentum

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23
Q

A digestive organ in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen that plays a major role in metabolism, digestion, and elimination.

A

Liver

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24
Q

The process of chewing food.

A

Mastication

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25
Q

The membrane that connects the intestine to the abdominal wall.

A

Mesentery

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26
Q

The fold of the peritoneum that is attached to the colon.

A

Mesocolon

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27
Q

The mucous membrane lining the GI tract

A

Mucosa

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28
Q

The muscular inner coating of the GI tract.

A

Muscularis

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29
Q

A small organ that lies behind the stomach and secretes powerful digestive enzymes into the small bowel as well as the hormones that regulate blood sugar (insulin and glucagon).

A

Pancreas

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30
Q

Salivary glands in front of and inferior to the ear.

A

Parotid salivary glands

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31
Q

The smooth membrane that lines the abdomen. It folds back over the organs.

A

Peritoneum

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32
Q

The thick muscular valve that allows food to move into the duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter

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33
Q

The opening from the stomach to the intestine.

A

Pylorus

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34
Q

The last segment of the large intestine that joins the sigmoid colon and the anus.

A

Rectum

35
Q

The folds of the gastic mucosa (stomach lining).

A

Rugae

36
Q

The secretions of the salivary glands

A

Saliva

37
Q

Glands that produce saliva to moisten the oral cavity and food; saliva contains antibodies and other substances that protect against infections in the mouth as well as enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates.

A

Salivary glands

38
Q

The segment of the colon that connects the descending colon to the rectum.

A

Sigmoid colon

39
Q

The tube of the GI tract with three distinct segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) that are involved in the absorption of nutrients into the body. In the human adult, it is approximately 22 feet long.

A

Small intestine

40
Q

The largest portion of the GI tract, situated between the esophagus and the small intestine. It secretes gastric juices to assist in the breakdown of food.

A

Stomach

41
Q

Salivary glands located under the tongue.

A

Sublingual salivary glands

42
Q

Salivary glands located under the jawbone

A

Submandibular salivary glands

43
Q

The layer of tissue beneath a mucous membrane.

A

Submucosa

44
Q

The hard appendages in the mouth made of dentine and enamel that enable mastication (chewing)

A

Teeth

45
Q

The tear-shaped appendage hanging down in the center of the edge of the soft palate.

A

Uvula

46
Q

Tiny projections on the inner intestine walls that aid in absorption

A

Villi

47
Q

A contriction in the lower portion of the esophagus caused by unrelaxed sphincter muscles.

A

Achalasia

48
Q

The abnormal return of stomach contents back into the esophagus.

A

Acid reflux

49
Q

Fibrous bands abnormally binding to tissue (such as scar tissue).

A

Adhesion

50
Q

An eating disorder characterized by an unrealistic self-image of the body, with a pathological fear of becoming fat, excessive dieting, and emaciation. No loss of appetite occurs until the late stages of the disease; primarily affects girls and young women.

A

Anorexia nervosa

51
Q

An inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

52
Q

“Rumbling” noises in the GI tract, caused by gas moving through the intestines.

A

Borborygmus

53
Q

An eating disorder characterized by self-induced purging (vomiting and/or diuretic and laxative abuse) after binge eating; strict dieting, fasting, or obsessive exercising to prevent weight gain.

A

Bulimia nervosa

54
Q

A small, painful crater in the mouth; also called an aphthous ulcer.

A

Canker sore

55
Q

An inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

56
Q

The loss of healthy tissue accompanied by fibrosis and chronic inflammation.

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

57
Q

An inflammation of the colon

A

Colitis

58
Q

The surgical construction of an artificial opening of the colon through the abdominal wall as a treatment for serious digestive problems.

A

Colostomy

59
Q

Difficulty in eliminating feces

A

Constipation

60
Q

Chronic inflammation of the digestive or GI tract

A

Crohn disease

61
Q

Overly frequent and loose or fluid evacuations of the large intestine

A

Diarrhea

62
Q

An inflammation of a sac-like appendage on the inside walls of the large intestine.

A

Diverticulitis

63
Q

Difficulty in swallowing.

A

Dysphagia

64
Q

An inflammation of the small intestine

A

Enteritis

65
Q

A mass in the groin stemming from a looped large intestine that occurs most frequently in overweight females.

A

Femoral hernia

66
Q

Digestive gas

A

Flatus

67
Q

A chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually accompanied by gallstones.

A

Gallbladder disease

68
Q

An inflammation of the stomach

A

Gastritis

69
Q

An acute inflammation of the lining of the GI tract

A

Gastroenteritis

70
Q

An inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

71
Q

Indigestion accompanied by a burning sensation.

A

Heartburn

72
Q

A generally non-life-threatening disease that is transmitted though contaminated food and drink and causes flu-like symptoms after a 2-week incubation period.

A

Hepatitis A

73
Q

A viral diease, spread by contact with contaminated blood or passed through the placenta from mother to child; a person can be a carrier and be asymptomatic; sever infections are characteristic, as is cirrhosis of the liver.

A

Hepatitis B

74
Q

A viral disease most commonly caused through the transfusion of infected blood; spreading by sexual contact is rare. The signs and symptoms are similar to that of Hepatitis B.

A

Hepatitis C

75
Q

A protusion of an organ through the body wall or into another organ, such as a loop of the large intestine protruding through the abdomen.

A

Hernia

76
Q

A type of hernia in which part of the stomach is protruding through the diaphragm.

A

Hiatal hernia

77
Q

Name given to a group of disorders that cause inflammation to the instestines.

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBI)

78
Q

A chronic condition of the large intestine, characterized by recurrent abdominal cramps and diarrhea, often alternating with periods of constipation; usually attributed to stress.

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

79
Q

A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, caused by a buildup of a bile pigment.

A

Jaundice

80
Q

Inadequate nutrition, but not the same thing as starvation. A person could eat three meals per day and still have this.

A

Malnutrition

81
Q

A queasy feeling in the GI tract or general abdomen, often culminating in vomiting.

A

Nausea

82
Q

Excessive fat in the body.

A

Obesity

83
Q

An ulcer in the esophagus, stomach, or proximal small intestine, caused by gastric juices eating through the mucous membrane.

A

Peptic ulcer

84
Q

Regurgitation of the stomach contents

A

Vomiting.

National Exam (22 decks)

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