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A micro ANA II (theory) > 9. Central autonomic nervous system. Monoaminergic and cholinergic neurones and pathways. „Ascending Reticular Activating System” (ARAS) > Flashcards

9. Central autonomic nervous system. Monoaminergic and cholinergic neurones and pathways. „Ascending Reticular Activating System” (ARAS) Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis includes all those self-regulatory processes (e.g. autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and immune system) which maintain a fairly stable internal environment for optimal functioning of living cells, tissues and organs.

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2
Q

Beside the (1) sympathetic and the (2) parasympathetic, which nervous system is also distinguished?

A

The enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What is the ierarchy of autonomic regulations?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Brainstem
  3. Spinal cord
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4
Q

How does local autonomic response work?

A

intramulra neuronal networks receive sensory inputs, process information, make decisions and give adequate responses.

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5
Q

How does spinal autonomic reflex work?

A

Autonomic centres of the spinal cord process viscerosensory input and modulate smooth muscles and glands of internal organs via the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents.

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6
Q

Interoceptors also provide viscerosensory information for the spinal cord via ____

A

the pseudounipolar neurons of DRGs.

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7
Q

Interoceptors also provide ____ for the spinal cord via the pseudounipolar neurons of DRGs.

A

viscerosensory information

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8
Q

How does brainstem autonomic reflex?

A

Brainstem neuronal networks receive viscerosensory input via the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves and organize viscerosensory responses.

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9
Q

List 4 autonomic cranial nerve ganglia

A

ciliary ggl., submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia, otic ggl

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10
Q

Spinal cord, brainstem and the brain are reciprocally interconnected, so viscerosensory inputs may reach the highest levels of the CNS, which then can contribute to the ____

A

autonomic response.

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11
Q

How does the visceral input reach the CNS? (in case of spinal nerves)

A

spinal nerves → DRG → spinal dorsal horn → reticular formation, thalamus

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12
Q

How does the visceral input reach the CNS? (in case of CN 9 - 10)

A

CN 9-10 → inferior ganglia → solitary nucl. → reticular formation, thalamus

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13
Q

Central processes of DRG neurons terminate in (1)____ (which horn?), where from (2)____ tract arises.

A
  1. the spinal dorsal horn
  2. the spinoreticulothalamic
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14
Q

Spinoreticulothalamic tract is a bilateral pathway with contralateral dominance.
-> Terminates in (1)____ and finally reaches (2)____.

A
  1. numerous brainstem areas (reticular formation)
  2. the thalamus
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15
Q

Intermadiate and caudal portion of nucleus of solitary tract (nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS) might also be mentioned as the ____

A

lateral nucl. of ala cinerea.

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16
Q

Visceral signals arrive into the nucleus of the solitary tract via (1)___ (2)

NTS, among others, projects into (2)____ (3)

A
  1. the inferior ganglia of glossopharyngeus and vagus nerves.
  2. the reticular formation, hypothalamus and thalamus.
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17
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

Anatomically not well defined diffuse network of almost 100 (!) interconnected brainstem nuclei.

As phylogenetically one of the oldest parts of the brain regulates fundamental functions

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18
Q

What are the 4 fundamental functions of reticular formation?

A
  1. Sleep and consciousness
  2. Somatic motor control
  3. Autonomic functions
  4. Pain modulation
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19
Q

As phylogenetically one of the oldest parts of the brain, reticular formation regulates fundamental functions
-> One of these functions is somatic motor control
-> What does this include?

A
  1. Muscle tone
  2. Balance and posture
  3. Eye movements
  4. Central pattern generation of swallowing
  5. Vomitting
  6. Breathing
  7. Coughing
  8. Sneezing
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20
Q

As phylogenetically one of the oldest parts of the brain, reticular formation regulates fundamental functions
-> One of these functions is autonomic functions
-> What does this include?

A

Cardiovascular control - heart rate and blood pressure

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21
Q

Along the mediolateral axis reticular formation is composed of three columns of nuclei which are __

A
  1. midline raphe nuclei
  2. medial gigantocellular nuclei
  3. lateral parvocellular nuclei.

Don’t memorize every single nuclei!

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22
Q

Along the rostrocaudal axis of reticular formation, what are the 2 subsystems that can be distinguished?

A
  1. Ascending Reticular Activating System
  2. Reticulospinal system
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23
Q

Appearance features and characteristics of ascending reticular activating system

A

upward projecting connections contribute to the „Ascending Reticular Activating System”
-> being responsible for arousal, regulation of wakefulness and sleep-wake transition.

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24
Q

Appearance features and characteristics of reticulospinal system

A

descending fibres form the „Reticulospinal System”

-> containing extrapyramidal motor fibres, autonomic efferents, and pain regulating descending pathways.

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25
Q

Which are the 2 main neurotransmitters used by numerous nuclei of reticular formation?

A

use monoamines and acetylcholine

26
Q

Which are the 2 main neurotransmitters used by numerous nuclei of reticular formation?

A

use monoamines and acetylcholine

27
Q

What does serotoninergic mean?

A

liberating, activated by, or involving serotonin in the transmission of nerve impulses

28
Q

Midline raphe nuclei is non-serotoninergic
-> T/F

A

False
-> It is serotoninergic

29
Q

What are the 2 typical neurotransmitters of the lateral parvocellular nuclei.?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline

30
Q

What type of nuclei are mainly – but not exclusively – found in the reticular formation of the brainstem? (based on types of neurotransmitters)

A

Monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei

31
Q

Monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei are mainly – but not exclusively – found in the reticular formation of the brainstem.

Most of them have a diffuse projection to ___, including the cortex and diffuse descending connections toward the spinal cord.

A

the higher centres of the CNS

32
Q

Monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei are mainly – but not exclusively – found in the reticular formation of the brainstem.

Most of them have a diffuse projection to the higher centres of the CNS, including __ (2)

A

the cortex and diffuse descending connections toward the spinal cord.

33
Q

Raphe nuclei project to _____ (6)

A

the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, cerebellum and spinal cord.

34
Q

What are the functions of Serotoninergic raphe nuclei?

A
  1. Modulate slow wave sleep and memory consolidation
  2. Control mood and emotions (depression, OCD - SSRIs)
  3. Interact with motor systems
  4. Increas food intake
  5. Modulate pain sensation.
35
Q

Fibres arising from locus ceruleus reach ___

A

the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and the spinal cord

36
Q

Is locus ceruleus an adrenergic or noradrenergic nucleus?

A

It is a nonadrenergic nucleus

37
Q

What is the role of locus ceruleus (a nonadrenergic nucleus)?

A

Plays a crutial role in arousal, attention and stress, furthermore, attenuates pain.

38
Q

Give 2 important examples of domainergic nuclei

A

A9 - substantia nigra
A10 - ventral tegmental area

39
Q

This is the complete list of the dopaminergic nuclei of the CNS, but only ____ (which area?) is considered as a nucleus of the reticular formation.

A

the ventral tegmental area

40
Q

Types of nuclei that are considered as nuclei of reticular formation

A
  1. Serotoninergic raphe nuclei
  2. Noradrenergic and adrenergic nuclei
  3. Only the ventral tegmental area of dopaminergic nuclei
  4. Cholinergic nuclei
41
Q

What are the „four major dopaminergic systems”?

A
  1. Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
  2. Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
  3. Mesocortical dopamine pathway
  4. Tuberoinfundibular pathway
42
Q

the „four major dopaminergic systems”
-> Ventral tegmental area gives rise to 2 pathways which are __

A

the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways

43
Q

The „four major dopaminergic systems”
-> Mesolimbic pathway (reward-reinforcement, desire, pleasure) terminates in _____

A

the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens

44
Q

The „four major dopaminergic systems”
-> Mesocortical fibres (motivation, emotion, executive functions) reach ____

A

The prefrontal cortex

45
Q

Which histaminergic nucleus contains the most relevant group of histaminergic neurons?

A

tuberomamillary nucleus

46
Q

Which histaminergic nucleus contains the most relevant group of histaminergic neurons?

A

tuberomamillary nucleus

47
Q

Is Tuberomamillary nucleus a part of the reticular formation?

A

No

Anatomically is not a part of the reticular formation, but is tightly connected to that

(Its inhibition may explain why allergic people on antihistamine therapy feel drowsy. )

48
Q

Cholinergic nuclei contribute to which subsystem of the reticular formation? How?

A

Cholinergic nuclei contribute to the asceding reticular activating system by projecting from the RF to the thalamus

49
Q

What are the cholinergic nuclei?

A

Cranial and spinal somatomotor nuclei and
preganglionic visceromotor nuclei

50
Q

Cholinergic nuclei contribute to the asceding reticular activating system by projecting from the RF to the thalamus.

-> Furthermore, all the motoneurons use ____ as neurotransmitter (in the somatomotor and visceromotor cranial nerve nuclei and in the lateral and ventral horns of the spinal cord).

A

acetyl-choline

51
Q

Describe Ascending Reticular Activating System

A

Brainstem reticular formation maintains connections with some forebrain structures, including the thalamus, cortex and hypothalamus.

52
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System
-> Besides visceral signals, which signals also reach the reticular formation?

A

auditory and visual signals

53
Q

The role of Ascending Reticular Activating System

A

setting the optimal activity of cortical neuronal networks to process incoming data.

54
Q

Cholinergic nuclei of the brainstem terminate in ___ and ____

A

the thalamus and facilitate thalamocortical transmission

55
Q

What is the role of the monoaminergic projection?

A

facilitates processing of input from the thalamus.

56
Q

Which nuclei are considered as monoaminergic projection?

A
  • locus coeruleus – NA
  • tuberomamyllary nucleus
  • His, ventral tegmental area
  • D, raphe nuclei – 5HT
57
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has 3 major sets of neurons
-> The role of **Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons **

A

They produce vasopressin and oxytocin which are then released from neurohypophysis.

58
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has 3 major sets of neurons
-> The role of Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

A

They are related to the CRF-ACTH-cortisol axis (stress response).

59
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has 3 major sets of neurons
-> The role of Centrally projecting neurons

A

Centrally projecting neurons, among others, to the spinal sympathatic and parasympathetic IML nuclei.

60
Q

Visceral signals enter the spinal dorsal horn and reach the reticular formation via (1)____

(2)____ (2 nerves) convey viscerosensory input to the solitary nucleus which also projects into the reticular formation.

A

Glossopharyngeus and vagus nerves

61
Q

Supraspinal processing of visceral inputs takes place in numerous nuclei of the reticular formation using which neurotransmitters?

A

monoamines and acetylcholine

62
Q

Following information processing, signals may ascend to the thalamus, hypothalamus and the cortex via (1)____, or can descend into (2)____

A
  1. the ARAS
  2. the spinal cord via the reticulospinal tract.

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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