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A micro ANA II (theory) > 10 > Flashcards

10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 steps for sensory sensation?

A
  1. Physical stimulus
  2. Stimulus is transduced into nerve impulses
  3. Response
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2
Q

Receptor -> nerve impulses
What are the things that initiate this pathway?

A
  1. Ion channels
  2. Receptor potential
  3. Generator potential
  4. Stimulating the afferent neuron
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3
Q

What is modality?

A

They includes vision, hearing, touch, staste

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4
Q

What is intensity?

A

Strength of the stimulus

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5
Q

What happen during duration in sensory sensation

A

Adaptation occurs

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6
Q

What is localization in sensory sensation?

A

Two-point threshold

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7
Q

What is stimulus transduction?

A

The receptor transforms the stimulus energy into electrochemical energy = stimulus transduction

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8
Q

What is neural encoding?

A

Stimulus information is represented as a serious of action potentials (after stimulus transduction)

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9
Q

What is the general formula of ascending pathways in sensory tracts?

A

Receptor
-> 1st neuron
-> 2nd neuron
-> 3rd neuron
-> Cortex

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10
Q

Ascending pathways - Sensory tracts
-> What are the receptors that you can find?

A
  1. Exteroceptor (pain, temperature, touch)
  2. Proprioceptor (muscles, joints)
  3. Nociceptor
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11
Q

Ascending pathways - Sensory tracts
-> Where can you find the 1st neuron?

A

Spinal ganglion

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12
Q

Ascending pathways - Sensory tracts
-> Where can you find the 2nd neuron?

A

Posterior horn

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13
Q

Ascending pathways - Sensory tracts
-> Where can you find the 3rd neuron?

A

Subcortical structures

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14
Q

What are the 9 sensory tracts?

A
  1. Posterior/dorsal column (Gracile and cuneate tracts)
  2. Anterior spinothalamic tract
  3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
  4. Anterior spinocerebellar tract
  5. Posterior spinocerebellar tract
  6. Spinotectal tract
  7. Spino-olivary tract
  8. Spinoreticular tract
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15
Q

How many neuron can you find in 1 receptive field?

A

1 neuron

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16
Q

are the receptive fields overlapped?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What does the size of receptive fields depend on?

A

Location

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18
Q

Type of inhibition on receptive field

A

Lateral inhibition -> 2 point-segregation

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19
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of nociceptors?

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Mechano-thermal
Polymodal

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20
Q

What type of pain does mechanical nociceptors bring?

A

Sharp, pricking pain

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21
Q

What type of pain does thermal nociceptors bring?

A

Sharp/pricking pain
Slow, burning pain

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22
Q

What type of pain does mechano-thermal nociceptors bring?

A

Sharp/pricking pain
Slow, burning pain

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23
Q

What type of pain does polymodal nociceptors bring?

A

Slow, burning pain

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24
Q

3 places that you can find muscle and skeletal mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Muscle spindle
  2. Golgi tendon organ
  3. Limb proprioception
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25
Q

4 places with corresponding sensation that you can find cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscule (flutter)
  2. Pacinian corpuscule (vibration)
  3. Ruffini corpuscule (steady skin indentation)
  4. Merkel receptor (steady skin indentation)
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26
Q

Where can you find somatosensory cortex (SI)?

A

Postcentral gyrus and in the depth of central sulcus

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27
Q

How many functional areas can you find within primary somatosensory cortex (SI)?

A

4

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28
Q

Where are afferent fibers coming from in primary somatosensory cortex (SI)? What is the information?

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
-> Information is somatotopically organized, contralateral

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29
Q

Where are efferent fibers going to in primary somatosensory cortex (SI)? Where do they project in?

A

They’re going to secondary somatosensory cortex
-> They projects in the insula

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30
Q

Which layers of primary somatosensory cortex that have association connections?

A

Layers 2 and 3

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31
Q

Characteristics of association connections of primary somatosensory cortex (SI)

A
  1. Among the 4 areas
  2. Posterior parietal cortex
  3. SII
  4. Motor cortex
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32
Q

Which layers of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that you can find callosal connections?

A

2 & 3

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33
Q

Which layers of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that you can find subcortical connections?

A

Layers 5 & 6

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34
Q

Characteristics of subcortical connections

A
  1. Basal ganglia
  2. VPL
  3. Dorsal column nuclei
  4. Dorsal horn
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35
Q

Which piece of information that somatosensory system convey?

A

Information about stimuli that reach the skin, mucous membranes of position of body parts

36
Q

What does the conscious part of somatosensory system correspond to?

A

The classical “tactile” sense

37
Q

What are the 2 most important, anatomically and physiologically distinct parts?

A
  1. Epicritic sensibility
  2. Protopathic sensibility
38
Q

Which system/tracts that involve in epicritic sensibility?

A

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system

(epicritic sensibility the sensibility to gentle stimulations permitting fine discriminations of touch and temperature, localized in the skin.)

39
Q

Which system/tracts that involve in protopathic sensibility?

(protopathic sensibility the sensibility to strong stimulations of pain and temperature)

A

Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tracts)

40
Q

Which receptors (+ their corresponding places) involve in epicritic sensibility?

A
  • touch - Meissner corpuscule
  • vibration, strech – Paccinian corpuscule
  • proprioception – muscle spindle, Golgi-tendon
    organ
41
Q

Which receptors (+ their corresponding places) involve in protopathic sensibility?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
42
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system

A
  1. neuron: spinal ganglion
  2. neuron: cunate and gracile nuclei
  3. neuron: thalamus
  4. neuron: SI
43
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system
-> 1. neuron: spinal ganglion
-> Where can you find 1. neuron? (2)

A

cuneate and gracile fasicles

44
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system
-> Where can you find 2. neuro within cuneate and gracile nuclei?

A
  1. Internal arcuate fibers
  2. Lemniscal decussation
  3. Medial lemniscus
45
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system
-> Where can you find 3.neuron: thalamus

A
  1. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)
  2. Thalamic radiation
46
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system
-> Where can you find 4.neuron: SI?

A
  1. Postcentral gyrus
  2. Primary somatosensory cortex
47
Q

Pathway of medial lemniscal system
-> Where can you find 4.neuron: SI?

A
  1. Postcentral gyrus
  2. Primary somatosensory cortex
48
Q

What is the general pathway of spinothalamic tracts?

A
  1. neuron: spinal ganglion
  2. neuron: posterior horn neuron
  3. neuron: thalamus - ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)
  4. neuron: SI
49
Q

Spinothalamic tracts
-> What do you find in 2. neuron: posterior horn neuron? (3)

A
  1. White comissure
  2. VENTRAL spinothalamic tract - crude touch
  3. LATERAL spinothalamic tract - pain, temperature
50
Q

Spinothalamic tracts
-> What do you find in 3.neuron: thalamus - ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)

A

Thalamic radiation

51
Q

Spinothalamic tracts
-> What do you find in 4.neuron: SI

A
  1. Post-central gyrus
  2. Primary somatosensory cortex
52
Q

Spinothalamic tracts
-> Collaterals of nociceptive fibers reach the frontal lobe after synapsing in the ____

A

Thalamus (CM and MD nuclei)

53
Q

What is the general pathway of dorsal trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal trigeminal thalamic tract)?

A
  1. neuron: trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s) - mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
  2. neuron: principal sensory nucleus
  3. neuron: ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
  4. neuron: SI
54
Q

Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal trigeminal thalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 1.neuron: trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s) mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve

55
Q

Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal trigeminal thalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 2.neuron: principal sensory nucleus?

A
  1. Decussating fibers
  2. Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus
56
Q

Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal trigeminal thalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 3.neuron: ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)?

A

Thalamic radiation

57
Q

Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal trigeminal thalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 4.neuron: SI?

A
  1. Post-central gyrus
  2. Primary somatosensory cortex
58
Q

What is the general pathway of ventral trigeminal lemniscus (ventral trigeminothalamic tract)?

A
  1. neuron: trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s)
  2. neuron: spinal trigeminal nucleus
  3. neuron: ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
  4. neuron: SI
59
Q

Ventral trigeminal lemniscus (ventral trigeminothalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 1.neuron: trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s)?

A

Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve

60
Q

Ventral trigeminal lemniscus (ventral trigeminothalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 2.neuron: spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A
  1. Decussating fibers
  2. Ventral trigeminal lemniscus
61
Q

Ventral trigeminal lemniscus (ventral trigeminothalamic tract)
-> What can you find in 3. neuron: ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)?

A

Thalamic radiation

62
Q

Collaterals of nociceptive fibers reach the ___ lobe after synapsing in the thalamus (CM & MD nuclei)

A

frontal

63
Q

Which tracts that provide epicritic and main proprioceptive information?

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

64
Q

What are the 3 types of spinocerebellar tracts?

A
  1. Dorsal spinocerebellar tracts (of Flechsig) - uncrossed
  2. Ventral spinocerebellar tract (of Gowers)
  3. Cuneocerebellar tract - uncrossed
65
Q

What is the role of dorsal spinocerebellar tract of (Flechsig) - uncrossed?

A

Providing proprioceptive and epicritic information from the lower half of the body

66
Q

What is the general pathway of dorsal spinocerebellar tract of (Flechsig) - uncrossed?

A
  1. neuron: spinal ganglion
  2. neuron: Clarke-Stilling nucleus (T9-L3)
  3. neuron: spinocerebellum
67
Q

What is the role of ventral spinocerebellar tract (of Gowers)?

A

Providing proprioceptive and epicritic information from the lower half of the body

68
Q

What is the general pathway of ventral spinocerebellar tract (of Gowers)?

A
  1. neuron: spinal ganglion
  2. neuron: dorsal horn neurons (L4-S3)
  3. neuron: spinocerebellum
69
Q

What is the role of cuneocerebellar tract - uncrossed?

A

Providing proprioceptive and epicritic information from the upper half of the body

70
Q

What is the general pathway of cuneocerebellar tract - uncrossed?

A
  1. neuron: spinal ganglion
  2. neuron: accessory cuneate nucleus
  3. neuron: spinocerebellum
71
Q

What is the role of nociceptors in viscerosensory system?

A

Adquate stimulus: mediate visceral pain

72
Q

Is receptor density in viscerosensory system low or high?

A

Low

73
Q

Are receptive fields in viscerosensory system small or large?

A

Large

74
Q

What type of fibers can you find in viscerosensory system?

A

Viscerosensory/visceroafferent fibers

75
Q

What type of nerves can you find in viscerosensory system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

76
Q

How can signals flow to parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

A
  1. physiologic receptors (innocuous input) → parasympathetic nerves
  2. nociceptors → sympathetic nerves
77
Q

This is how signals flow to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
1. physiologic receptors (innocuous input) → parasympathetic nerves
2. nociceptors → sympathetic nerves

=> Is there any exceptions? Explain

A

exceptions: distal to the midpoint of the sigmoid colon; infraperitoneum

→ physiologic and nociceptive signals are conducted via parasympathetic pelvic nerves

78
Q

Are fibers in viscerosensory system slowly or fast conducting fibers?

A

Slow conducting fibers

79
Q

What are the 2 general pathways for sympathetic aferents? (nociceptive pathways)

A
  1. Thoracic region → cardiac and pulmonary nerves
  2. Abdominal region → splanchnic nerves
80
Q

What are the pathways for parasympathetic afferents?

A
  1. Sacral parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
  2. Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
81
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> 3 cranial nerves that have sensory ganglia?

A

CN VII, IX, X

82
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> Which receptors relating to CN IX can you find?

A
  • chemoreceptors of the carotid body
  • baroreceptors of the carotid sinus wall
  • nociceptors of the oropharynx
    => afferent of the gag reflex
83
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> Which information can you find within CN X?

A
  • physiologic information abour thoracic viscera
  • physiological information about abdominal viscera
    (Cannon-Boehm point!)
84
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> In relation to CN IX &X, you can find physiological information about thoracic viscera and abdominal viscera (Cannon-Boehm point)
-> What is the pathway of this?

A

-> Inferior ganglia of CN IX and X
-> Solitary nucleus
-> Dorsal vagal nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic neurons)
-> thoracic and abdominal viscera

85
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> In relation to CN IX &X, you can find physiological information about cardiac ganglia and muscles of larynx, pharynx, oesophagus
-> What is the pathway of this?

A

-> Inferior ganglia of CN IX and X
-> Solitary nucleus
-> Nucleus ambiguus (parasympathetic visceromotor neurons)
-> cardiac ganglia and muscles of larynx, pharynx, oesophagus

86
Q

Cranial parasympathetic afferents (S2-S4)
-> In relation to CN IX &X, you can find physiological information about cardiac ganglia and muscles of larynx, pharynx, oesophagus
-> How do you reach anterolateral medulla

A

-> Inferior ganglia of CN IX and X
-> Solitary nucleus
-> Anterolateral medulla

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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