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A micro ANA II (theory) > 8. Brain tracts, neurotransmitters, neuronal circuits, “connectomics” Structure of the cerebral cortex > Flashcards

8. Brain tracts, neurotransmitters, neuronal circuits, “connectomics” Structure of the cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of CNS

A

cortical lamination + nucleus

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2
Q

Composition of PNS

A

ganglion

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3
Q

What type of cells are included in Nervous system?

A

principal cells (pyramidal neuron in the cerebral cortex); and interneurons/local circuit cells

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4
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • colocalisation / coexpression
  • co-release OR co-transmission
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5
Q

What does gray (grey) matter include?

A

neurons and supporting cells within the CNS

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6
Q

What does cortex include?

A

laminar structure composed of gray matter, covering the surface of the cerebrum and the cerebellum

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7
Q

What does nucleus include?

A

deep gray matter within the CNS

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8
Q

What does white matter include?

A

axonal masses within the CNS (arising from neurons)

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9
Q

What is tract (pathway)?

A

a specific collection of axons running together aiming often for the „same” target

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10
Q

What is SYNAPSE?

A

Communication between neurons - SYNAPSE

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11
Q

What is volume transmission?

A

Non-synaptic transmission

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Excitatory amino acids (EAA)
  2. Cholinergic system
  3. Biogenic amines
  4. Inhibitory amino acids
  5. Neuropeptides
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13
Q

Name 8 majors neurotransmitters

A
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14
Q

What is allocortex?

A

Gray matter with less than 6 layers

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15
Q

What does allocortex include?

A
  1. Paleopallium (rhinencephalon)
  2. Archipalleum (archiotex)
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16
Q

Name 6 layers of neocortex

A
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17
Q

What are the 2 neuronal cell types of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Principal cells (80%)
  2. Interneurons (20%)
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18
Q

NEURONAL CELL TYPES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Describe principal cells

A
  • Pyramidal cells (excitatory, GLU)
  • Projection neurons
  • Carry dendritic spines
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19
Q

Describe interneurons

A
  • Local circuit cells
  • Different subgroups (morphology, cotransmitters, function)
  • Most of them are inhibitory
  • Control neocortical network interactions
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20
Q

2 types of interneurons?

A
  1. Stellate (spiny neurons)
  2. Inhibitory interneurons
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21
Q

What are the 4 examples of inhibitory interneurons

A
  • neuroglioform cells
  • basket cell
  • chandelier cell
  • columnar arborization is apparent
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22
Q

3 types of glia

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendroglia
  3. Microglia
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23
Q

Myelin sheath of axons is produced by ___ (which type of glia?)

A

oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Small cells with processes

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25
Q

When is microglia activated?

A

In case of CNS injury

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26
Q

This is PYRAMIDAL NEURON
-> Identify

A
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27
Q

What is the true interneuron?

A

Neuroglioform neuron

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28
Q

Describe Neuroglioform neuron

A
  • Rich, local axonal arbor
  • Many presnaptic terminal boutons
  • Small cell body
  • „volume transmission”
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29
Q

Descrobe basket neuron (a type of inhibitory interneurons)

A
  • Long horizontal axon collaterals;
  • Rich basketlike terminals around the body of the pyramidal cells ;
  • Perisomatic inhibition (synchronous)
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30
Q

Describe Chandelier neuron

A
  • Vertically oriented (candle like) terminals;
  • Terminate on the axon hillock of pyramidal neurons;
  • Perisomatic inhibition of several pyramidal neurons to exclude overexcitation.
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31
Q

Describe Cells with columnar axon arborization

A
  • Long, vertically oriented (horsetail-like) axon;
  • Disinhibition: the axon terminates on further inhibitory interneurons ;
  • Located on the edge of cortical columns – controls the activity pattern
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32
Q

Describe polarized cell that you can see in pyramidal neron

A
  • Apical dendrite (dendritic spines)
  • Perikaryon
  • Basal dendrites
  • Axon (axon hillock)
  • Axon collaterals
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33
Q

3 types of projections of pyramidal neurons

A
  • Commissural projections
  • Association projections
  • Long projections
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34
Q

Identify

A
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35
Q

Stellate neuron is frequently occuring interneuron
-> T or F?

A

Stellate neuron

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36
Q

Stellate neuron is frequently occuring interneuron
-> T or F?

A

Stellate neuron

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37
Q

Where can you find stellate neuron with excitatory or inhibitory functions?

A
  1. Excitatory (somatosensory cortex)
  2. Inhibitory (cerebellum)
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38
Q

3 layers that are main efferent projections of the cortex?

A

III. Outer pyramidal cell layer
V. Inner pyramidal cell layer
VI. Plexiform layer

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39
Q

What is the output of layer III. Outer pyramidal cell layer?

A

Cortico-cortical projections innverating layers 1 - 6

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40
Q

What is the output of layer V. Inner pyramidal cell layer?

A
  1. Subcortical projections
  2. Pyramidal tracts to motor neurons: spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei
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41
Q

What is the output of layer VI. Plexiform layer?

A

Cortico-thalamic projections

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42
Q

1 layer that is the main afferent projection of the cortex

A

IV. Inner granule cell layer

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43
Q

What is the input of layer IV. Inner granunle cell layer?

A

Specific thalamo-cortical inputs
(innervate L5 pyramidal cells, directly or indirectly)

44
Q

What is the organization and connections of cortical modules?

A
  • Vertical and columnar orgnization
  • Internal connections
  • Columnar communication (further integration)
45
Q

Width and thickness of cortical modules?

A
  • Width: 200 - 300 µm
  • Thick as the cortex
46
Q

Number of neurons per column

A

5000 neurons/column

47
Q

What does the axis of cortical modules contain?

A

Cortico-cortical afferentes

48
Q

What are the roles of inhibitory interneurons to the cortical modules?

A

They seal the column to prevent lateral spreading activity

49
Q

What are the afferent pathways of cortical modules?

A

Other modules OR specific afferents from organs of special senses

50
Q

What are the efferent pathways of cortical modules

A

Motor pathways OR towards other modules

51
Q

What is barrel cortex?

A

Glutamatergic spiny stellate and star pyramidal cells (yellow) of layer 4 aggregate along the walls of a barrel in the cortex

52
Q

What are the 3 places that you can find cortical connections?

A
  1. Association fibers-within hemispheres
  2. Commissural fibers-between hemispheres
  3. Projections pathways-connections with non cortical structures
53
Q

2 cortical connections that you can find in association fibers-within hemispheres

A
  1. short and long arucuate fibers: connect nearby structures
  2. Cingulum: connects different lobes
54
Q

What are the cortical connections that you can find in commissural fibers-between hemispheres

A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Commissura anterior, posterior and fornicis
55
Q

What are the 6 main projection pathways-connections with non-cortical structures?

A
  1. In and output pathways
  2. Reciprocal connections with thalamus
  3. Reciprocal connections with the basal ganglia
  4. Pyramidal tracts
  5. Corticoponine tracts
  6. Fornix (hippocampus-hypothalamus)
56
Q

What are the 3 places that you can find cortical connections?

A
  1. Association fibers-within hemispheres
  2. Commissural fibers-between hemispheres
  3. Projections pathways-connections with non cortical structures
57
Q

What is the general pathway of ascending tracts - somatosensory system?

A

Receptor
-> 1st neuron
-> 2nd neuron
-> 3rd neuron
-> cerebral cortex

58
Q

What does the receptor of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?

A
  • Exteroceptor (pain, temperature, touch)
  • Proprioceptor (muscles, joints)
59
Q

What is the 1st neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?

A

DRG

60
Q

What is the 2nd neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?

A

Posterior horn

61
Q

What is the 3rd neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?

A

Subcortical centres

62
Q

Where can you find ascending tracts - somatosensory system on the brain?

A
  • Spinobulbar tr
  • Ant. Spinothalamic tr
  • Lat. Spinothalamic tr
  • Ant. spinocerebellar tr
  • Post. Spinocerebellar tr
  • Spinotectal tr
  • Spinoolivary tr
  • Spinoreticular tr
63
Q

What are the 3 roles of descending tracts - somatomotor system?

A
  1. Voluntary and involuntary movements
  2. Muscle tone
  3. Reflexes
64
Q

What is the general pathway of descending tracts - somatomotor system?

A

1st neuron - cortex, brainstem
-> 2nd neuron - interneurons in anterior horn
-> 3rd neuron - motorneurons in anterior horn
-> Skeletal muscles, myotomes

65
Q

What is the 1st neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?

A

Cortex, brainstem

66
Q

What is the 2nd neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?

A

Interneurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord

67
Q

What is the 3rd neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?

A

Motorneurons of the anterior horn of spinal cord

68
Q

What are the descending tracts of somamotor system on the brain? (9)

A
  1. Ant & Lat corticospinal tr
  2. Rubrospinal tr
  3. Tectospinal tr
  4. Med & Lat vestibulospinal tr
  5. Reticulospinal tr
  6. Olivospinal tr
  7. Medial longitudinal fascicle
69
Q

2 places that you can find intracerebral tracts

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Basal ganglia
70
Q

What are the 2 divisions of limbic system?

A
  1. Cortical divisions
  2. Subcortical divisions
71
Q

What does cortical divisions include? (5)

A
  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Insula
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Parahippocampal gyrus
72
Q

What does the subcortical divisions include? (4)

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Olfactory bulb
  3. Anterior thalamic nuclei
  4. Septal nuclei
73
Q

What are the 5 intracerabral tracts that you can find in the limbic system?

A
  1. Alveus
  2. Fimbira
  3. Fornix
  4. Mamillothalamic tract
  5. Stria terminalis
74
Q

What is the role of basal ganglia?

A

Control of voluntary and involuntary movements

75
Q

What are the 4 components of basal ganglia?

A

striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantita nigra

76
Q

What are the 3 cortical areas?

A
  1. Sensory areas
  2. Motor areas
  3. Association areas
77
Q

2 characterstics of sensory areas (level, type of areas)

A

Primary sensory areas: 1st level areas in sensory processing

78
Q

2 characterstics of motor areas (level, type of areas)

A

Primary motor area: final level in the hierarchy of motor execution

79
Q

4 functions of association areas

A
  1. Integration
  2. Planning
  3. Decision making
  4. Memory storage
80
Q

How many neocortical areas are there? (based on cytoarchitecture and function)

A

52

81
Q

How many neocortical areas are there? (based on cytoarchitecture and function)

A

52

82
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann areas

A

Primary somatosensory field (Brodmann (3,1,2)

83
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann areas

A

Primary somatomotor field (Brodmann 4)

84
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann areas

A

Praemotor field
(Brodmann 6,8)

85
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann areas

A

Broca’s motor speech area
Brodmann 44, 45

86
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann areas

A

Secondary + Tertiary visual fields
(Brodmann 18,19)

87
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)

A

Primary visual field
Brodmann 17

88
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)

A

Wernicke’s speech area
Brodmann 39, 40

89
Q

Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)

A

Auditory cortex
Brodmann 41, 42

90
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the input of anterior part include? (2)

A

Wernicke’s area, infratemporal assoc. cort

91
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the output of anterior part include?

A

dorsolat. prefrontalis és premotoros kéreg

92
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What is the 4 main roles of anterior part?

A
  • Association of hearing, seeing and talking
  • Store for signs, langauages, words
  • Sensorimotor control of writing
  • Formation of speech
93
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the input of superior part include? (3)

A

vision, touch, hearing (unimodal cortices)

94
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the output of superior part include? (3)

A

dorsolat. Prefrontal and premotor cortices

95
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What is the role of superior part?

A

Control of hand movements („usage”)

96
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the input of posterior part include? (2)

A

visual cortex, hippocampus

97
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What does the output of posteruir part include? (2)

A

dors. premotor area, FEF

98
Q

Parietal multimodal associations cortex
-> What are the 2 functions of posterior part?

A
  • Spatial cognition
  • Navigation abilities („GPS”)
99
Q

What is the ouput of temporal multimodal associations cortex?

A

prefrontal cortex

100
Q

What are the 3 functions of temporal multimodal associations cortex?

A
  1. Integration of visual auditory information
  2. Recognition of (shape of) face, hand and objects
  3. Memorization of people, names and faces
101
Q

What is the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A
  • decision – working memory
  • planning of execution – motor program
102
Q

What is the role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

A
  • recognition - understanding (comprehension)
  • Monitoring of the environment
103
Q

What is the role of orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex?

A
  • emotion, motivation
  • social behavior
104
Q

What are the 3 functional cortical networks?

A
  1. Resting state networkds
  2. Central executive networkds
  3. Salience network (SN)
105
Q

The role of resting state networks (functional cortical networks)

A

Exploration, new ideas/thoughts, planning, remembering

106
Q

What is the role of central executive networkds?

A

Motor executive systems

107
Q

What is the salience network (SN)

A

Focus, selection, targeted activity, correction

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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