Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A micro ANA II (theory) > 4. Nerve tissue: Neurons (dendrites, axon,) and glial cells, synapses > Flashcards

4. Nerve tissue: Neurons (dendrites, axon,) and glial cells, synapses Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tissue composed of ___ and ____

A

neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major function of neurons

A

active part, their major function is communication and transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major function of glia

A

“inactive” participant to support and protect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Some Staning methods of neural tissue

A

„general” (HE)

Basic stainings (f.i. cresyl violet)

Golgi impregnation

silver impregnation (many types),
myelin stainings, filling up the cells, immunohstochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Morphohlogy of neurons

A

Great pale nucleus, prominent nucleolus

basophil citoplasm

Rough endoplasmatic reticulum (rER) Nissl substance :not in the AIS nor in the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is a neuron
-> Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type of neuron?

A

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in the spinal cord ventral horn

(Nissl staining, Réthelyi-Szentágothai book.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in the spinal cord ventral horn

-> IDENTIFY

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classification of Neurons
-> Based on the mumber of processes

A

1 process: unipolar (amacrin cell in the retina)
2 processes: bipolar (retina and inner ear),
! pseudounipolar (semsory ganglions)
More than 2 = many: multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification of Neurons
-> Based on shape, function, situation, neurotransmitter (specific)

A

fi.: Purkinje cells in cerebellum, Betz piramidal cells in cortex, dopaminerg cells in the substantia nigra etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type of neuron?

A

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in the spinal cord ventral horn
(Nissl staining , Röhlich’ book)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in the spinal cord ventral horn
(Nissl staining , Röhlich’ book)
-> Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type of this neuron
-> Staining method?

A

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in spinal cord
(Golgi AgNO3 impregnation, Réthelyi-Szentágothai tkv.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Multipolar neuron-motoneuron in spinal cord
(Golgi AgNO3 impregnation, Réthelyi-Szentágothai tkv.)
-> Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name of this type of neuron

A

Multipolar neurons in the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name of this type of neuron

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the neuronal groups that can be found in CNS?

A

Nuclei
Multipolar neurons

Pseudounipolar in mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the neuronal groups that can be found in PNS?

A

Ganglions
Multipolars : vegetative ganglions

Pseudounipolar: spinal ggl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the supporting cells that can be found in CNS?

A

Oligodendroglia cells, astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the supporting cells that can be found in PNS?

A

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In CNS, which cells can you find in myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendroglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In PNS, which cells can you find in myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Communication between neurons?

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A

Electric and chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Electric and chemical synapses
-> Width of synaptic gap?

A

E: 2.5 nm - 4 nm
C: 20 - 30 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Electric and chemical synapses
-> Which synapse has synaptic vesicles?

A

Chemical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Electric and chemical synapses
-> Is the spread of depolarizazion fast or slow?

A

E: fast
C: slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electric and chemical synapses
-> How does AP transmission occur?

A

E: two ways
C: one way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name this type of synapse. Why?

A

Chemical synapse because they have synaptic vesicle

30
Q

How does chemical synapse occur?

A
31
Q

How does Neurostransmision occur?

A
32
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical synapse?

A

Type 1: Asymmetric
Type II: Symmetric

33
Q

Describe type II (Symmetric) of chemical synapse

A
  1. Flat synaptic vesicles
  2. Thickness and postsynaptic membrane: even
  3. Generally inhibitory
34
Q

Describe type I (Asymmetric) of chemical synapse

A
  1. light, round vesicles
  2. Thickness and postsynaptic membrane: different
  3. generally excitatory
35
Q

What are the 2 different types of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  1. Ligand
  2. Ion channel
36
Q

4 major excitatory receptors of ligand

A
  1. Acetylcholine (nicotinic receptor)
  2. Glutamate (NMDA class receptors)†
  3. Glutamate (non-NMDA class receptors)‡
  4. Serotonin (5HT3 class receptors)
37
Q

4 major excitatory receptors of ion channel

A
  1. Na+/K+
  2. Na+/K+ and Ca2+
  3. Na+/K+
  4. Na+/K+
38
Q

2 major inhibitory receptors

A
  1. Cl-
  2. Cl-
39
Q

What is happening here?

A

Cocaine inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters

40
Q

What is happening here?

A

ECSTASY binds on transporter

41
Q

Identify these Major glial cells

A
42
Q

Identify these Major glial cells

A
43
Q

What are the 2 types of astrocytes? Their locations?

A

astrocytes: fibrous (white matter) and protoplasmic (grey matter)

44
Q

What is Perivascular glia limitans?

A

the outermost layer of nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord, lying directly under the pia mater

45
Q

Identify

A

Perivascular end-feet

46
Q

What does blood brain barrier include?

A

This barrier also includes a thick basement membrane and astrocytic end-feet.

47
Q

The blood–brain barrier occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around ____

A

the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation.

48
Q

blood brain barrier
-> Endothelial cellsrestrict the diffusion of (1)____, while allowing the diffusion of (2)___

A
  1. microscopic objects (e.g.,bacteria) and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
  2. small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones)
49
Q

Function of blood brain barrier

A

Protects the brain from many common bacterial infections.

50
Q

Can antibodies and antibiotics pass through blood brain barrier?

A

Antibodies are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier, and only certain antibiotics are able to pass

51
Q

What cannot pass through blood brain barrier?

A

Water-soluble stuff such as nutrients
(Amino Acids, Glucose, vitamins)

Polar stuff: Chemicals & toxins; Viruses; Bacteria

52
Q

What can pass through blood brain barrier?

A
  1. Non-polar/ uncharged/ fat soluble stuff: this includes oxygen going in and carbon dioxide going out
  2. Drugs that are fat-soluble
  3. Other important stuff with special transporters embedded into the membrane to let them in, like water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, etc.
  4. Ethanol crosses the blood-brain-barrier very easily
53
Q

Can glucose pass through blood brain barrier?

A

We have special transporters to let f.i. glucose in: transporter will ONLY let glucose in.

54
Q

The blood–brain barrier becomes more permeable during ___.

A

inflammation

55
Q

What are the diseases when blood brain barrier is damaged?

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Cerebral edema: hipoxia
Prion and prion-like diseases
HIV encephalitis :circulatingmonocytesin the bloodstream (“Trojan horsetheory”)
Rabies

56
Q

What are the diseases when blood brain barrier is damaged?

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Cerebral edema: hipoxia
Prion and prion-like diseases
HIV encephalitis :circulatingmonocytesin the bloodstream (“Trojan horsetheory”)
Rabies

57
Q

What are Circumventricular organs?

A

Circumventricular organs(CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normalblood brain barrier(BBB)

58
Q

NAME Circumventricular organs

A
59
Q

Different types of glial cells

A
  1. Microglia of Hortega
  2. Müllerian glial cells in the retina
  3. Bergmann glia in cerebellum
  4. Ependyma
  5. Tanicytes in median eminence
60
Q

What are Tanicytes in median eminence?

A

Tanycytes are special ependymal cells found in the third ventricle of thebrain, and on the floor of the fourth ventricle and have processes extending deep into the hypothalamus.

61
Q

Function of Tanicytes in median eminence?

A

their function is to transfer chemical signals from the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) to the central nervous system(CNS). .

62
Q

Identify

A
63
Q

Identify
-> Type of staining

A

Nodes of Ranvier
-> Golgi AgNo3 impregnation ,Réthelyi-Szentágothai book

64
Q

What are the 3 layers of peripheral nerve?

A

-epineurium
-perineurium (p)
-endoneurium (e)

65
Q

Identify

A

Peripheral nerve HE staining
-epineurium
-perineurium (p)
-endoneurium (e)

66
Q

This is a cross section of peripheral nerve
-> Identify

A

Blue - Schwann cell’s nucleus
Black - axon
Red - Myelin sheath

67
Q

This is a cross section of peripheral nerve
-> Identify

A

Myelin sheath

68
Q

This is longitudinal section of peripheral nerve
-> Identify

A

Blue - Schwann cell’s nucleus
Black - axon
Red - Myelin sheath

69
Q

What is Glymphatic system?

A

a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular channels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system.

-> Discovering novel strategies for optimizing and maintaining efficient brain waste clearance across the lifespan may in the future prove to be important for preventing cognitive decline and sustaining healthy aging.

70
Q

Classification of nerve fibers

A

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions