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A micro ANA II (theory) > 24. Endocrine system I. Hypothalamus, the hypothalamic- hypophyseal system, epiphysis > Flashcards

24. Endocrine system I. Hypothalamus, the hypothalamic- hypophyseal system, epiphysis Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 regions of Hypothalamic nuclei and areas

A
  1. Anterior region
  2. Middle region
  3. Posterior region
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2
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> Which 5 nuclei are included in anterior region?

A
  1. anterior nucl.
  2. preoptic med. and lat. nuclei
  3. paraventricular nucl.
  4. supraoptic nucl.
  5. suprachiasmatic nucl.
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3
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> Name 3 zones of middle region

A
  1. Periventricular zone
  2. Medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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4
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> Which 5 nuclei are included in anterior region?

A
  1. anterior nucl.
  2. preoptic med. and lat. nuclei
  3. paraventricular nucl.
  4. supraoptic nucl.
  5. suprachiasmatic nucl.
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5
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> list 3 nuclei of medial zone in middle region?

A
  • ventro- and dorsomedial nuclei
  • infundibular (arcuate) nucl.
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6
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> List area and nuclei of lateral zone in middle region

A
  • lateral hypothalamic area
  • medial forebrain bundle
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7
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> List nuclei and areas in posterior region

A
  • posterior hypothalamic nucl.
  • corpus mamillare
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8
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and areas
-> Which system do Hypothalamic nuclei and areas contribute to?

A

the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

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9
Q

The hypothalamus is the center of homeostatic control and integration
-> List controlled functions

A
  • fluid homeostasis, blood volume and pressure
  • appetite and body weight
  • sexual functions, reproduction
  • circadian regulation
  • body temperature
  • stress response
  • codes of set points
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10
Q

The hypothalamus orchestrates the responses to stimuli at three levels which are ____

A
  1. Neuroendocrine function
  2. Autonomic function
  3. Emotions and Drives
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11
Q

The hypothalamus orchestrates the responses to stimuli at three levels:
1. Neuroendocrine function
-> Explain

A

control of the pituitary gland. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.

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12
Q

The hypothalamus orchestrates the responses to stimuli at three levels:
2. Autonomic function
-> Explain

A

integrates autonomic functions via direct and indirect projections to preganglionic autonomic neurons located in the brain-stem and spinal cord.

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13
Q

The hypothalamus orchestrates the responses to stimuli at three levels:
3. Emotions and Drives function
-> Explain

A

it has numerous interconnections with the limbic system by which it generates behaviors involved in rage, aggression, escape, etc.

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14
Q

List Hypothalamic Inputs

A
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15
Q

List Hypothalamic outputs

A
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16
Q

Hypothalamic neuronal pathways

A
  1. Intrahypothalamic connections
  2. Extrahypothalamic connections: Mostly reciprocal connections!
  3. Bidirectional
  4. retinohypothalamic tract
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17
Q

Bidirectional hypothalamic neuronal pathways

A
  • fornix
  • stria terminalis
  • medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • dorsal longitudinal fascicle (FLD, Schütz)
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18
Q

Hypothalamic neuronal pathways
-> retinohypothalamic tract

A

mamillothalamic tract

mamillotegmental tract

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (HHT)

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19
Q

List Limbic afferents

A
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20
Q

List Hypothalamic efferents

A

mamillothalamic and mamillotegmental tracts

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21
Q

Hypothalamic efferents
-> 4 characteristics of mamillothalamic tract

A
  • bundle of Vicq d’Azyr
  • part of the Papez circuit
  • from the mamillary body (medial n. )
    to anterior thalamus
  • involved in memory functions
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22
Q

Hypothalamic efferents
-> 3 characteristics of mamillotegmental tract

A
  • bundle of Gudden
  • from the mamillary body (lateral n.)
    to the midbrain tegmentum
  • relayed toward the brainstem
    autonomic centers
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23
Q

Hypothalamic efferents
-> 3 characteristics of mamillotegmental tract

A
  • bundle of Gudden
  • from the mamillary body (lateral n.)
    to the midbrain tegmentum
  • relayed toward the brainstem
    autonomic centers
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24
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the biological clock
-> What is the pathway?

A

Retina
-> Retinohypothalamic tract
-> SCN

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25
Q

What is Melatonin?

A

the hormon pruduced by the pineal gland.

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26
Q

How does Epiphysis or pineal gland develop from?

A

Develops from neuroectoderm as an evagination in the roof of the diencephalon.

27
Q

Histology of the pineal gland

A
28
Q

The pituitary is connected with the hypothalamus via the ___

A

infundibulum

29
Q

What is the blood supply of the hypothalamus?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery – internal carotid artery

Inferior hypophyseal artery - circulus arteriosus

30
Q

Adeno- and neurohypophysis are the main parts of ___

A

the pituitary

31
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

anterior pituitary: produces its own hormones

32
Q

What is the Neurohypohysis?

A

Neurohypohysis = posterior pituitary: does not produces hormones

33
Q

Is the adenohypophysis a glandular or neuronal tissue?

A

a glandular tissue

34
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

the neurohypophysis is a neuronal tissue

35
Q

What is the Hypophyseal cleft:?

A

The part between the pars intermedia and pars distalis

36
Q

The adeno- and neurohypophysis have different embryological origin
-> Which one is the ectodermal one?

A

The adeno- and neurohypophysis are both ectodermal

37
Q

The adeno- and neurohypophysis have different embryological origin
-> Embryological origin of Neurohypophysis

A

neuroectodermal

38
Q

The adeno- and neurohypophysis have different embryological origin
-> Embryological origin of Adenohypophysis

A

ectodermal (hypophyseal placod)

39
Q

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus project to the neurohypophysis
-> Name the neurons that compose the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract?

A

Fibers of the magnocellular neurons

40
Q

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus project to the neurohypophysis
-> Magnocellular neurons express ___ (which types of hormones)

A

vasopressin (ADH) or oxytocin (different cells)

41
Q

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus project to the neurohypophysis
-> The role of Oxytocin

A

It stimulates uterus contraction, milk ejection, social bonding.

42
Q

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus project to the neurohypophysis
-> What is the role of vasopressin (ADH)?

A

ADH increases water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.

43
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin are transported via the axons connectedto carrier molecules called neurophysis
-> What are Herring bodies?

A
  • large clusters of neurosecretory granules at the terminal portion of the axons
  • oxytocin+neurophysin1 or ADH+neurophysin2 is stored in different terminals
  • they can be seen at light microscopic level
44
Q

Histology of the pars nervosa
-> Identify

A
  1. unmyelinited axons
  2. special glial cells - pituicytes, oval nucleus
  3. fenestrated capillaries
45
Q

Parvocellular neurons project to the median eminence and release ____

A

hormones into the portal circulation

46
Q

Parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamus regulate hormone production of the adenohypophysis
-> tuberoinfundibular neurosecretory system

A
47
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones and their target in the anterior pituitary
-> List 6 hormones

A

GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone or luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)
GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone
SS: somatostatin
TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone
DA: dopamine
CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone or factor (CRF)

48
Q

Hypotalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

A
49
Q

Hypotalamic-pituitary-thyroidal (HPT) axis

A
50
Q

Hypotalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A
51
Q

Pituitary cell types in hematoxylin-eosin stained section
-> List acidophils and their roles

A

*Somatotrophes produce growth hormone (GH)
*Lactotrophes produce prolactin

52
Q

Pituitary cell types in hematoxylin-eosin stained section
-> List basophils and their roles

A
  • Thyrotrophes produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Gonadotrophes produce luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Corticotrophes produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
53
Q

Pituitary cell types in hematoxylin-eosin stained section
-> Describe Chromophobes

A
  • These are cells that have minimal or no hormonal content.
  • Many of the chromophobes may be acidophils or basophils that have degranulated and thereby are depleted of hormone.
  • Some chromophobes may also represent stem cells that have not yet differentiated into hormone-producing cells.
54
Q

Hormone producing cells of the anterior pituitary can be identified by immunohistochemistry
-> What is the distribution of Gonadotropes (LH and FSH coexpressing cells)?

A

Gonadotropes (LH and FSH coexpressing cells):
* comprise 10–15% of anterior pituitary cells and are scattered throughout the anterior pituitary.

55
Q

What type of cells are in pars distalis?

A

Acidophil, basophil and chromophobe cells

56
Q

What type of cells are in pars tuberalis?

A

Basophil cells

57
Q

Identify

A
58
Q

Identify

A
59
Q

The pars intermedia is very small in adults and may contain ___

A

colloid-filled cysts

60
Q

Identify

A
61
Q

The pars intermedia is very small in adults and may contain cysts
-> Cysts filled with ___

A

colloid

62
Q

The pars intermedia is very small in adults and may contain colloid-filled cysts which is lined with ____

A

cuboidal cells

63
Q

The pars intermedia is very small in adults and may contain colloid-filled cysts are remainders of ____

A

The Rathke’s pouch

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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