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A micro ANA II (theory) > 1. Blood and hematopoiesis > Flashcards

1. Blood and hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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2
Q

How can blood participate in transport?

A
  • Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the lungs and rest of the body
  • Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body
  • Waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys
  • Hormones to their target cells
  • Heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature
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3
Q

How can blood participate in protection function?

A
  • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer cells
  • Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances
  • Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimize blood loss
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4
Q

How can blood participate in regulation?

A
  • pH by interacting with acids and bases
  • Water balance by transferring water to and from tissues
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5
Q

3 main elements of the blood

A
  1. Red blood cells (erythrocyte)
  2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
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6
Q

Compare the sizes of RBCs, WBCs & Platelets (from large to small)

A

Red blood cells (4-6 million/mm3)

> Platelets (250 000-400 000/mm3)

> white blood cells (5000-9000/mm3)

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7
Q

2 types of White blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  1. Agranulocytes - mononuclear
  2. Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear
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8
Q

2 subtypes of Agranulocytes - mononuclear (WBCs category)

A
  1. Lymphocytes (20-30%)
  2. Monocytes (3-8%)
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9
Q

3 subtypes of Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear (WBCs category)

A
  1. Neutrophils (60-70%)
  2. Eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. Basophils (0,5-1%)
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10
Q

What are the 2 staining steps for blood smears?

A
  1. May-Grünwald solution (methanol - fixative, methylene blue - basic dye, eosin - acidic dye)
  2. Giemsa solution (azure - basic dye, eosin - acidic dye)
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11
Q

Composition of May-Grünwald solution

A
  • methanol - fixative
  • methylene blue - basic dye
  • eosin - acidic dye
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12
Q

Composition of Giemsa solution

A
  • azure - basic dye
  • eosin - acidic dye
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13
Q

What does acidic dye stain?

A

red blood cells, granules of eosinophils

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14
Q

What does basic dye stain?

A

cell nuclei, granules of basophils, RNA of the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Does the RBCs have nuclei?

A

No

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16
Q

Does the RBCs have organelles?

A

No

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17
Q

Shape of RBCs?

A

Biconcave

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18
Q

Lifetime of RBCs?

A

~ 120 days

19
Q

What type of of staining is RBC plasma? Why?

A

eosinophil plasma (proteins, 95% hemoglobin)

20
Q

What is Anemia?

A

a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. ( The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is, therefore, decreased. )

21
Q

Approximate size and lifetime of platelets

A
  • size: 2-3 μm
  • lifetime: 7-11 days
22
Q

What is the composition of platelets?

A
  1. granulomer (dense staining, tubules, dense granules)
  2. hyalomer (microtubules, filaments)
23
Q

Functions of platelets

A

blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

24
Q

Platelets have the function of blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

→ How can cytoplasmic constituents be related to these functions?

A
  • α –granules (clotting factors, PDGF growth factors, platelet factor 4, fibronectin, von Willebrandfactor), δ – granules (serotonin, histamine, ADP-, ATP, calcium), λ –granules ( lysosomal enzymes)
  • microtubules and filaments (actin, myosin)
  • canalicular system (exocytosis of granules)
25
Q

Are White blood cells (leukocytes) transient in blood?

A

Yes

26
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) use the bloodstream as a ____

A

vehicle for transport to specific sites

27
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) regularly leave the blood through the wall of (1)_____(2t) to enter (2)____(3t)

A
  1. capillaries and venules
  2. the connective tissues, lymphatic tissues and bone marrow.
28
Q

Functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

recognition and elimination of pathogen microorganisms, infected cells, unknown molecules, outside agents

29
Q

Identify this cell.

→ 2 characteristics of this cell

A
  • *Neutrophil granulocytes**
  • *(polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polimorphs)**
30
Q

Identify

A

Barr body condensed - X chromosome

31
Q

Characteristics of nucleus of Neutrophil granulocytes

A

segmented nucleus

32
Q

Do Neutrophil granulocytes have specific affinity for acid or basic dyes?

A

No

33
Q

2 Functions of neutrophils

A
  • first response of acute inflammation
  • phagocytosis (specific granules: antibacterial agents, lysosim, collagenase, alkaline phosphatase, azurophilic granules: eg. myeloperoxidase, lysosomal enzymes, lysosim, defensins)
34
Q

Which form of neutrophil is this?

A

Matured form with mature nucleus: 3-5 lobes connected by threads of chromatin

35
Q

Which form of neutrophil is this?

A

Band neutrophils with band nucleus: elongated, it is not divided into segments

36
Q

What is the difference between band neutrophils and matured neutrophils?

A
  • mature nucleus: 3-5 lobes connected by threads of chromatin
  • band nucleus: elongated, it is not divided into segments
37
Q

What does left shift of neutrophils mean?

A

•left shift: increased number of immature granulocytes (mainly neutrophil band forms) indicating acute inflammation, an infection in progress

38
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil

39
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil granulocytes

40
Q

Size and life span of Eosinophil granulocytes

A
  • size (diameter) : 12-17 μm
  • life span 6 days (at least)
41
Q

Function of eosinophil granulocytes

A

fighting viral infections / parasites, acting as mediator of allergic responses, removal of fibrin, phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

42
Q

What does centre of the eosinophil granules contain?

A

crystalline body containing major basic protein (MBP) cytotoxicmolecule

43
Q

What does matrix of granules contain?

A

RNase, phospholipase, histaminase, arylsulphatase, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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