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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 9 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

9 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A _ of the heart and blood vessels

  • The heart pumps blood
  • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
A

closed system

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2
Q

function of the cardiovascular
system

A
  • to deliver oxygen and nutrients
  • to remove carbon dioxide
    and other waste products
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3
Q

location of heart

size?

A
  • Thorax between the lungs
  • Pointed apex directed toward left hip

About the size of your fist

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4
Q

double serous membrane cover of heart

A

Pericardium

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5
Q

Pericardium membranes

A
  1. visceral pericardium
  2. parietal pericardium
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6
Q

The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings

Pericardium membrane Outside layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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7
Q

The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings

Pericardium membrane Next to heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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8
Q

_ fills the space between the layers of pericardium

A

Serous fluid

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9
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall
3 Layers

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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10
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Outside layer
  • This layer is the parietal pericardium
  • Connective tissue layer
A

Epicardium

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11
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Middle layer
  • Mostly cardiac muscle
A

Myocardium

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12
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Inner layer
  • Endothelium
A

Endocardium

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13
Q

The Heart: Chambers

A
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14
Q

The Heart: Chambers

Receiving chambers

A

atria
1. Right atrium
2. Left atrium

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15
Q

The Heart: Chambers

Discharging chambers

A

ventricles
1. right ventricle
2. left ventricle

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16
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction in the heart

A

The Heart: Valves

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17
Q

The Heart: Valves

between atria and
ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

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18
Q

The Heart: Valves

what valves composes Atrioventricular valves

A
  1. bicuspid valve - left
  2. tricuspid valve - right
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19
Q

The Heart: Valves

valves between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

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20
Q

The Heart: Valves

Semilunar valves composes of valves?

A
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aortic semilunar valve
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21
Q

The Heart: Valves

  • Valves open as blood is pumped through
  • Held in place by _ (“heart strings”)
  • Close to prevent backflow
A

chordae tendineae

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22
Q

Operation of the AV valves

  1. Blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting _ against atrioventricular valves; the atrioventricular valves are forced open
  2. as the ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps _ into ventricles
  3. atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
  4. ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valves _
  5. atrioventricular valves _
  6. chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from _ into atria
A

pressure
hang limply
cusps
close
everting

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23
Q

Operation of the semilunar valves

  1. as the ventricles contract and _ rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open
  2. as the ventricles relax, and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the _ and forcing them to close
A

intraventricular pressure
cusps of semilunar valves

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24
Q

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

Blood leaves left ventricle and go to what blood vessel?

A

Aorta

blood here is oxygen rich

its from the lungs

toward the body parts

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25
Q

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

blood Leaves right ventricle and move to?

A

Pulmonary arteries

to lungs

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26
Q

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

Vena cava

A

Enters right atrium

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27
Q

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

Blood in Pulmonary veins (four) moves towards?

A

Enter left atrium

from the lungs to the body

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28
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
* coronary arteries
* cardiac veins

A

Coronary Circulation

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29
Q

Coronary Circulation

Blood empties into the right atrium via the _

A

coronary sinus

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30
Q

It is a system where heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

A

Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)

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31
Q

Conduction System

5 Special tissue sets the pace

A
  1. sinoatrial node - pacemaker
  2. atrioventricular node - in RA
  3. atrioventricular bundle - in RA
  4. bundle branches - middle; in between atrium; at septum
  5. purkinje fibers - below; at the septum
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32
Q

Heart Contractions

Contraction is initiated by the _

A

sinoatrial node

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33
Q

Heart Contractions

Sequential stimulation occurs at other _

A

autorhythmic cells

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34
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Atria contract simultaneously

Atria relax, then ventricles contract

35
Q

Cardiac Cycle

contraction

A

Systole

36
Q

Cardiac Cycle

relaxation

A

Diastole

37
Q

Cardiac cycle – events of _

A

one complete heart beat

38
Q

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

what cardiac cycle refers to the blood flows into ventricles (ventricles relax)

A

Mid-to-late diastole

39
Q

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

A

Ventricular systole

40
Q

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

atria finish re-filling,
ventricular pressure is low

A

Early diastole

41
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side of
the heart in one minute

A

Cardiac output (CO

42
Q

Cardiac output (CO) formular

A

CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])

43
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
in one contraction

A

Stroke volume

44
Q

The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate

Stroke volume usually remains _

A

relatively
constant

45
Q

The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate

what law states that the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

Starling’s law of the heart

46
Q

The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate

Changing _ is the most common way to change cardiac output

A

heart rate

47
Q

Regulation of Heart Rate

Increased heart rate
1. _ nervous sytem
* crisis
* low blood pressure
2. hormones
* epinephrine
* _
3. exercise
4. _

A

sympathetic
thyroxine
decreased blood volume

48
Q

Regulation of Heart Rate

Decreased heart rate helps in?
compensate in?

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • High blood pressure or blood volume
  • Decreased venous return

if high BP/ BV, icacalm ng heart via decrease in heart rate
fi low ang blood na bumabalik sa heart from lower extremities, iincrease ang heart rate para bumilis

49
Q

system that refers to taking blood to the tissues and back

A

Blood Vessels: The Vascular System

50
Q

The Vascular System includes

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

51
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A
  1. tunic intima
  2. tunic media
  3. tunic externa
52
Q

Blood Vessels: Anatomy

Endothelium

A

Tunic intima

53
Q

Blood Vessels: Anatomy

  • Smooth muscle
  • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
A

Tunic media

54
Q

Blood Vessels: Anatomy

Mostly fibrous connective tissue

A

Tunic externa

55
Q

Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

_ of arteries are the thickest

A

Walls

because the pressure blood came from is high, so it must be thick so it will not burst

56
Q

lDifferences Between Blood Vessel Types

_ of veins are large

A

Lumens

because it delivers blood all over the body, it must be large to have high pressure that will enable the blood to flow throughout the body

57
Q

Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

_ “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

A

Skeletal muscle

pinipiga ang blood vessels so it not move back pababa, ensuring the blood flows in one direction

58
Q

Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

Walls of capillaries are only _ thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

A

one cell layer

59
Q

Movement of Blood Through Vessels

_ is
pumped by the heart

A

Most arterial blood

60
Q

Movement of Blood Through Vessels

Veins use the _of muscles to help move blood

A

milking action

61
Q

Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels

A
  1. vascular shunt
  2. true capillaries
62
Q

Capillary beds

directly connects an
arteriole to a venule

A

Vascular shunt

63
Q

Capillary beds

exchange vessels

A

True capillaries
* oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
* CO2 and metabolic waste products cross into blood

64
Q

pressure wave
of blood

A

Pulse

65
Q

Pulse

Monitored at
“_” where pulse is easily palpated

A

pressure
points

66
Q

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

A

Blood Pressure

67
Q

Blood Pressure

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

systolic

68
Q

Blood Pressure

pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

69
Q

Blood Pressure

Pressure in blood vessels _ as the distance away from the heart _

A

decreases
increases

70
Q

Factors affecting Blood Pressure

A
  1. neural factors
  2. renal factors
  3. temperature
  4. chemicals
  5. diet
71
Q

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

Temperature
* heat has a _ effect
* cold has a _ effect

A

vasodilation
vasoconstricting

72
Q

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

  • regulation by altering blood volume
  • _ - hormonal control
A

renal factors

renin

73
Q

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

A

neural factors

74
Q

Variations in Blood Pressure

normal blood pressure

A

140 - 110 mm Hg systolic
80 - 75 mm Hg diastolic

75
Q

Variations in Blood Pressure

hypotension

A
  • low systolic - below 110 mm Hg
  • often associated with illness
76
Q

Variations in Blood Pressure

hypertension

A
  • high systolic - above 140 mm Hg
  • can be dangerous if it is chronic
77
Q

Capillary Exchange

Substances exchanged due to _

A

concentration gradients

78
Q

Capillary Exchange

Oxygen and nutrients leave _

A

the blood

79
Q

Capillary Exchange

Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave _

A

the
cells

80
Q

Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms

  • _ across plasma membranes
  • Endocytosis or exocytosis
  • Some capillaries have gaps (_)
  • Plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions
  • Fenestrations of some capillaries
  • Fenestrations means - _
A

Direct diffusion
intercellular clefts
pores

81
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System

A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the _

A

fourth week

82
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System

the heart becomes a _ organ by the end of seven weeks

A

four-chambered

83
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System

Few structural changes occur after the _

A

seventh week

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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