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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 13 Urogenital System > Flashcards

13 Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

Elimination of waste products

A
  1. Nitrogenous wastes
  2. Toxins
  3. Drugs
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2
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

Regulate aspects of homeostasis

A
  1. Water balance
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Acid-base balance in the blood
  4. Blood pressure
  5. Red blood cell production
  6. Activation of vitamin D
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3
Q

Organs of the Urinary system

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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4
Q

location of the kidneys

A
  • against dorsal body wall
  • at the level of T12 to L13
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5
Q

Location of the Kidneys

The right kidney is slightly _ than
the left

A

lower

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6
Q

Location of the Kidneys

Attached to ureters, _,
and _ at renal hilus

A

renal blood vessels
nerves

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7
Q

Location of the Kidneys

Atop each kidney is an _

A

adrenal gland

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8
Q

Coverings of the Kidneys

A
  • renal capsule
  • adipose capsule
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9
Q

Coverings of the Kidneys

Surrounds each kidney

A

Renal capsule

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10
Q

Coverings of the Kidneys

  • Surrounds the kidney
  • Provides protection to the kidney
  • Helps keep the kidney in its correct location
A

Adipose capsule

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11
Q

Regions of the Kidney

A
  1. renal cortex
  2. renal medulla
  3. renal pelvis
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12
Q

Regions of the Kidney

outer region

A

renal cortex

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13
Q

Regions of the Kidney

inside the cortex

A

renal medulla

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14
Q

Regions of the Kidney

inner collecting tube

A

renal pelvis

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15
Q

Kidney Structures

A
  1. medullary pyramids
  2. renal columns
  3. calyces
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16
Q

Kidney Structures

triangular regions
of tissue in the medulla

A

Medullary pyramids

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17
Q

Kidney Structures

extensions of cortexlike material inward

A

Renal columns

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18
Q

Kidney Structures

cup-shaped structures that
funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

A

Calyces

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19
Q

Blood Flow in the Kidneys

A
  1. aorta
  2. renal artery
  3. segmental artery
  4. lobar artery
  5. interlobar artery
  6. arcuate artery
  7. interlobular artery
  8. afferent arteriole
  9. glomerulus *capillaries
  10. efferent arteriole
  11. peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  12. interlobular vein
  13. arcuate vein
  14. interlobar vein
  15. renal vein
  16. inferior vena cava
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20
Q

The structural and functional units of the
kidneys

A

Nephrons

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21
Q

Nephrons are Responsible for forming _

A

urine

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22
Q

Main structures of the nephrons

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. renal tubule
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23
Q
  • A specialized capillary bed
  • attached to arterioles on both sides
  • maintains high pressure
A

glomerulus

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24
Q

arterioles in glomerulus

A
  1. large afferent arteriole
  2. narrow efferent arteriole
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25
Q

Glomerulus

Capillaries are
covered with
_ from
the renal tubule

A

podocytes

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26
Q

The glomerulus
sits within a _
(the first part of the
renal tubule)

A

glomerular capsule

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27
Q

Renal Tubule Components

A
  1. Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
  2. Proximal convolutedtubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
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28
Q

2 Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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29
Q

Types of Nephrons

Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

Types of Nephrons

  • Located entirely in the cortex
  • Includes most nephrons
A

Cortical nephrons

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31
Q
  • Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
  • Normal, low pressure capillaries
  • Attached to a venule
  • Cling close to the renal tubule
  • Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes
A

Peritubular Capillaries

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32
Q

Urine Formation Processes

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
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33
Q

Filtration

  • _ passive process
  • Water and solutes _ than proteins are forced through capillary walls
  • _ cannot pass out to the capillaries
  • Filtrate is collected in the _ and leaves via the _
A
  • Nonselective
  • smaller
  • Blood cells
  • glomerular capsule
  • renal tubule
34
Q

Reabsorption

  • The _ reabsorb several materials
     Some water
     Glucose
     Amino acids
     Ions
  • Some reabsorption is passive, most is _
  • Most reabsorption occurs in the _
A
  • peritubular capillaries
  • active
  • proximal convoluted tubule
35
Q

Materials Not Reabsorbed

A
  1. nitrogenous waste products
    * urea
    * uric acid
    * creatinine
  2. excess water
36
Q

Reabsorption in
Reverse

A

Secretion

37
Q

Secretion

  • Some materials move from the _ into the renal tubules; such as
  • Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the _
A
  • peritubular capillaries
  • Hydrogen and potassium ions
  • Creatinine
  • ureter
38
Q

Characteristics of Urine Used for
Medical Diagnosis

A
  • Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes
  • Sterile
  • Slightly aromatic
  • Normal pH of around 6
  • Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
39
Q

Ureter

  • Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
  • Continuous with the renal pelvis
  • Enter the _ aspect of the bladder
  • Runs behind the _
  • _ aids gravity in urine transport
A

posterior
peritoneum
Peristalsis

40
Q
  • Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
  • Temporarily stores urine
A

Urinary Bladder

41
Q

Urinary bladder is _ (3 openings)

A

trigone

2 from ureters
1 to urethra

42
Q

Urinary Bladder Wall

  • _ layers of smooth muscle
    (detrusor muscle)
  • Mucosa made of _ epithelium
  • Walls are _ in an empty bladder
  • Bladder can expand significantly without increasing _
A
  • Three
  • transitional
  • thick and folded
  • internal pressure
43
Q

Urethra

  • Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by _
  • Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
A
  • peristalsis
  • internal urethral sphincter -involuntary
  • external urethral sphincter - voluntary
44
Q

Urethra Gender Differences

length

A
  • Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
  • Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
45
Q

Urethra Gender Differences

location

A
  • Females – along wall of the vagina
  • Males – through the prostate and penis
46
Q

Urethra Gender Differences

function

A
  • Females – only carries urine
  • Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells
47
Q

Both sphincter muscles must open to
allow _

A

Micturition (Voiding)

48
Q

Micturition (Voiding)

  • The _ is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
  • Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the _ nerves
  • The external urethral sphincter must be _ relaxed
A
  • internal urethral sphincter
  • pelvic splanchnic
  • voluntarily
49
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Normal amount of water in the human
body

A
  • Young adult females – 50%
  • Young adult males – 60%
  • Babies – 75%
  • Old age – 45%

Water is necessary for many body
functions and levels must be maintained

50
Q

body fluids

A
  • intracellular fluid - inside cells
  • extracellular fluid - outside cells; interstitial fluid and blood plasma
51
Q

Distribution of Body Fluid

  • intracellular fluid -
  • extracellular fluid -
  • interstitial fluid -
  • blood plasma -
A

total body water vol = 40 L, 60% body weight
* 25L, 40% BW
* 15L, 20% BW
* 12L, 80% of ECF
* 3L, 20% of ECF

52
Q

The Link Between Water and Salt

Changes in _ balance causes water to move from one compartment to another
* Alters _
* Can impair the activity of cells

A

electrolyte

blood volume and blood pressure

53
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Water _ must equal water output

A

intake

54
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Sources for water intake

A
  • Ingested foods and fluids
  • Water produced from metabolic processes
55
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Sources for water output

A
  • Vaporization out of the lungs
  • Lost in perspiration
  • Leaves the body in the feces
  • Urine production
56
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

_ is produced if water intake
is excessive

A

Dilute urine

57
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Less urine (_) is produced if
large amounts of water are lost

A

concentrated

58
Q

Maintaining Water Balance

Proper concentrations of various
_ must be present

A

electrolytes

59
Q

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption

Regulation is primarily by hormones
* _ prevents excessive water loss in urine
* _ regulates **sodium ion content **of extracellular fluid
* Triggered by the _ mechanism

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Aldosterone
  • renin-angiotensin
60
Q

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption

Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus
are _ monitors

A

active

61
Q

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood

Blood pH must remain between 7.35
and 7.45 to maintain homeostasis

if not_

A

Alkalosis - above 7.45
Acidosis - below 7.35

62
Q

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood

Most ions originate as _ of
cellular metabolism

A

byproducts

63
Q

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood

Most acid-base balance is maintained
by the _

A

kidneys

64
Q

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood

Other acid-base controlling systems

A
  1. blood buffers
  2. respiration
65
Q

Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations

how?

A

blood buffers

  • Bind to H+ when pH drops
  • Release H+ when pH rises
66
Q

Blood Buffers

Three major chemical buffer systems

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
67
Q

The Bicarbonate Buffer System
mixture of?

A
  • carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
68
Q

The Bicarbonate Buffer System

Bicarbonate ions (HCO –) react with
_ acids to change them to _ acids

A

strong

weak

69
Q

The Bicarbonate Buffer System

Carbonic acid dissociates in the presence of a _ to form a _ and water

A

strong base

weak base

70
Q

Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance

Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to _ and transported in the plasma

A

bicarbonate ion

71
Q

Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance

Increases in hydrogen ion concentration produces more _

A

carbonic acid

72
Q

Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance

Excess hydrogen ion can be blown off with the release of _ from the lungs

A

carbon dioxide

73
Q

Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance

Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending
on changing _

A

blood pH

74
Q

Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance

  • _ bicarbonate ions if needed
  • _ new bicarbonate ions if needed
  • Urine pH varies from _
A
  • Excrete
  • Conserve or generate
  • 4.5 to 8.0
75
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System

Functional kidneys are developed by
the _ month

A

third

76
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System

Urinary system of a newborn

A
  • Bladder is small
  • Urine cannot be concentrated
77
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System

Control of the voluntary urethral
sphincter does not start until age _

A

18 months

78
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System

Urinary infections are the only common
problems before _

A

old age

79
Q

Aging and the Urinary System

There is a progressive decline in urinary
function as we _

A

age

80
Q

Aging and the Urinary System

The _ shrinks with aging

A

bladder

81
Q

Aging and the Urinary System

Urinary retention is common in _

A

males

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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