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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 7 Endocrine System > Flashcards

7 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System is _ messenger system of the body

A

second

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2
Q

Uses chemical messages (_)
that are released into the blood

A

hormones

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3
Q

Hormones control several major
processes

A

 Reproduction
Growth and development
 Mobilization of body defenses
 Maintenance of much of homeostasis
 Regulation of metabolism

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4
Q
  • Hormones are produced by specialized cells
  • Cells secrete hormones into _
A

extracellular fluids

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5
Q
  • what transfers hormones to target sites
  • These hormones regulate the activity of other cells
A

Blood

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6
Q

3 Chemistry of Hormones

A
  1. amino acid
  2. steroids
  3. prostaglandins
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7
Q

3 main amino acid-based hormones

A
  1. proteins
  2. peptides
  3. amines
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8
Q

hormones made from cholesterol

A

steroids

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9
Q

hormones made from highly active lipids

A

prostaglandins

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10
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

  • Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (_)
  • Hormone binding influences the working of the cells
  • Hormones can alter _ by increasing or decreasing the rate of a normal metabolic process rather than by stimulating performance of a new one
A

target cells or organs

cellular activity

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11
Q

Control of Hormone Release

  • Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by _
  • A _ hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone
  • Hormone release stops once an _ in the blood is reached
A
  • negative feedback
  • stimulus or low
  • appropriate level
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12
Q

2 mechanisms of hormone action

A
  1. direct gene activation
  2. second-messenger system
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13
Q
  • what do you call an endocrine glands that are activated by other hormones
  • Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release
A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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14
Q

what do you call to nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release, and the endocrine cells

A

neural stimuli of endocrine glands

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15
Q

10 Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary gland
  4. thyroid gland
  5. parathyroid gland
  6. thymus gland
  7. adrenal gland
  8. pancreas
  9. ovary (female)
  10. testes (male)
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16
Q

Pituitary Gland

  • Size of a grape
  • Hangs by a stalk from the _
  • Protected by the _
  • what are its two functional lobes
A
  • hypothalamus
  • sphenoid bone
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Posterior pituitary
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17
Q

anterior pituitary is composed of what tissue

A

glandular tissue

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18
Q

posterior pituitary is composed of what tissue

A

nervous tissue

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19
Q

2 classification of Six anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • 2 affect non-endocrine targets
  • 4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
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20
Q

3 Characteristics of all anterior pituitary
hormones

A
  • Proteins (or peptides)
  • Act through second-messenger systems
  • Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
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21
Q

5 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. growth hormone (GH) - bones and muscles
  2. prolactin PRL - mammary glands
  3. follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH - testes/ ovaries
  4. thyrotropic hormone TSH - thyroid
  5. adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH - adrenal cortex
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22
Q
  • General _ hormone
  • Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
  • Causes amino acids to be built into _
  • Causes _ to be broken down for a source of energy
A
  • growth hormone GH
  • metabolic
  • proteins
  • fats
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23
Q
  • Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • Function in males is unknown
A

Prolactin (PRL)

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24
Q

what hormone regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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25
Q

what hormone influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
or
Thyrotropin
or
Thyrotropic hormone

26
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

27
Q
  • Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
  • Stimulates sperm development in testes
A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

28
Q
  • Triggers ovulation
  • Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
  • Stimulates testosterone production in males
  • Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

29
Q
  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
  • Causes milk ejection
A

Oxytocin

mammary glands
uterine muscles

30
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

31
Q
  • Can inhibit urine production
  • In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

contrict - tightening

kidney tubules
ADH - promote water absorption in kidney retaining enough fluid
vasoconstriction - helps increase blood pressure by reducing the diameter of blood vessels
if low BP - ADH is released to constrict blood vessel to increase BP

32
Q
  • Found at the base of the throat
  • Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
  • two hormones?
A

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin

33
Q
  • Major metabolic hormone
  • Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
A

thyroid hormone

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

34
Q

what thyroid follicles secrete?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

35
Q

what is the conversion of T4 at
target tissues?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

36
Q
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
  • Antagonistic to _ hormone
  • Produced by C (_) cells
A

calcitonin

parathyroid

parafollicular

pinapababa ang Ca level sa blood by depositing it into the bone

unlike sa parathyroid na itinataas ang Ca level sa blood by osteoclast na nagreremove ng Ca from the bone, papuntang kidney

37
Q

Parathyroid Glands

  • Tiny masses on the _ of the thyroid
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone
  • Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
  • Stimulate the _ to absorb more calcium
  • Raise _ levels in the blood
A

posterior

kidneys and intestine

calcium

38
Q
  • Sits on top of the kidneys
  • its 2 glands
A

adrenal glands

  • Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers
  • Medulla – inner neural tissue region
39
Q

– outer glandular region in three
layers of adrenal glands

A

cortex

40
Q

inner neural tissue region of adrenal glands

A

medulla

41
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

A
  1. mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
  2. glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
  3. sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)
42
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A

catecholoamines:

epinephrine
norepinephrine

43
Q
  • Produced in outer adrenal cortex
  • Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance
  • Target organ is the kidney
A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

44
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Production stimulated by what enzyme and what hormone?

A

renin and aldosterone

renin - controls production of aldosterone (enzyme in kidney)
aldosterone - help regulate blood pressure and electrolyte levels (hormone from adrenal glands)

45
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Production inhibited by _

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

mas maraming solute - mas mataas na blood pressure

the mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure, so ang atrial natriuretic peptide ang nagrereduce ng blood volume and pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys

46
Q
  • Produced in the _ layer of the adrenal cortex
  • Promote normal cell metabolism
  • Help resist long-term stressors
  • Released in response to increased blood levels of _
A

Glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol)

middle

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

47
Q
  • Produced in the _ layer of the adrenal cortex
  • Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
A

sex hormones

inner

48
Q

hormones prepare the body to
deal with short-term stress

A

(catecholamines)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

because it is flight or fight response
ex. adrenaline, short and quick

49
Q
  • Name of The pancreas as a mixed gland
  • what hormones it produce?
A
  • Pancreatic islets
  • insulin
  • glucagon

These hormones are antagonists (opposite silang dalawa) that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

insulin - pinapababa ang sugar level by storing it as glycogen
glucagon - pinapataas ang sugar level by breaking down glycogen

50
Q

allows glucose to cross plasma
membranes into cells from beta cells

A

Insulin

51
Q

allows glucose to enter the
blood from alpha cells

A

Glucagon

52
Q
  • Found on the third ventricle of the brain
  • Secretes melatonin
A

Pineal Gland

53
Q
  • Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
  • May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions
A

melatonin

54
Q
  • Located posterior to the sternum
  • Largest in infants and children
  • Produces thymosin
A

Thymus

55
Q
  • Matures some types of white blood cells
  • Important in developing the immune system
A

thymosin

56
Q
  • Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
  • Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
  • Matures female reproductive organs
  • Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
  • Helps maintain pregnancy
  • Prepares the breasts to produce milk
A

estrogens

57
Q

Hormones of the Ovaries

  • Produced by the corpus luteum
  • Acts with estrogen to bring about the _
  • Helps in the _ of an embryo in the uterus
A

Progesterone

menstrual cycle
implantation

58
Q

Hormones of the Testes

  • _ of testes are hormone-producing
  • Produce several androgens
  • _ is the most important androgen
A

Interstitial cells
Testosterone

59
Q
  • Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
  • Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
  • Required for sperm cell production
A

testosterone

60
Q

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues
and Organs

A
  1. parts of small intestine
  2. parts of stomach
  3. kidneys
  4. heart
  5. many other areas scattered endocrine cells
61
Q

Endocrine Function of the Placenta

  • Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
  • Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
  • Produces _ in addition to _, and other hormones
A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG
estrogen, progesterone

62
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System

Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age
* _ is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
* Problems associated with _ are common
* Growth hormone production declines with age
* Many endocrine glands decrease output with _

A

Menopause

reduced estrogen

age

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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