7 Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine System is _ messenger system of the body
second
Uses chemical messages (_)
that are released into the blood
hormones
Hormones control several major
processes
Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
- Hormones are produced by specialized cells
- Cells secrete hormones into _
extracellular fluids
- what transfers hormones to target sites
- These hormones regulate the activity of other cells
Blood
3 Chemistry of Hormones
- amino acid
- steroids
- prostaglandins
3 main amino acid-based hormones
- proteins
- peptides
- amines
hormones made from cholesterol
steroids
hormones made from highly active lipids
prostaglandins
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (_)
- Hormone binding influences the working of the cells
- Hormones can alter _ by increasing or decreasing the rate of a normal metabolic process rather than by stimulating performance of a new one
target cells or organs
cellular activity
Control of Hormone Release
- Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by _
- A _ hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone
- Hormone release stops once an _ in the blood is reached
- negative feedback
- stimulus or low
- appropriate level
2 mechanisms of hormone action
- direct gene activation
- second-messenger system
- what do you call an endocrine glands that are activated by other hormones
Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
what do you call to nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release, and the endocrine cells
neural stimuli of endocrine glands
10 Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
- pineal gland
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- ovary (female)
- testes (male)
Pituitary Gland
- Size of a grape
- Hangs by a stalk from the _
- Protected by the _
- what are its two functional lobes
- hypothalamus
- sphenoid bone
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary is composed of what tissue
glandular tissue
posterior pituitary is composed of what tissue
nervous tissue
2 classification of Six anterior pituitary hormones
- 2 affect non-endocrine targets
- 4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
3 Characteristics of all anterior pituitary
hormones
- Proteins (or peptides)
- Act through second-messenger systems
- Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
5 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- growth hormone (GH) - bones and muscles
- prolactin PRL - mammary glands
- follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH - testes/ ovaries
- thyrotropic hormone TSH - thyroid
- adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH - adrenal cortex
- General _ hormone
- Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
- Causes amino acids to be built into _
- Causes _ to be broken down for a source of energy
- growth hormone GH
- metabolic
- proteins
- fats
- Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
- Function in males is unknown
Prolactin (PRL)
what hormone regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
what hormone influences growth and activity of the thyroid
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
or
Thyrotropin
or
Thyrotropic hormone
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
Gonadotropic hormones
what hormone?
* Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
* Stimulates sperm development in testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Triggers ovulation
- Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
- Stimulates testosterone production in males
- Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
- Causes milk ejection
Oxytocin
mammary glands
uterine muscles
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Can inhibit urine production
- In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
contrict - tightening
kidney tubules
ADH - promote water absorption in kidney retaining enough fluid
vasoconstriction - helps increase blood pressure by reducing the diameter of blood vessels
if low BP - ADH is released to constrict blood vessel to increase BP
- Found at the base of the throat
- Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
- two hormones?
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
- Major metabolic hormone
- Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
thyroid hormone
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
what thyroid follicles secrete?
Thyroxine (T4)
what is the conversion of T4 at
target tissues?
Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
- Antagonistic to _ hormone
- Produced by C (_) cells
calcitonin
parathyroid
parafollicular
pinapababa ang Ca level sa blood by depositing it into the bone
unlike sa parathyroid na itinataas ang Ca level sa blood by osteoclast na nagreremove ng Ca from the bone, papuntang kidney
Parathyroid Glands
- Tiny masses on the _ of the thyroid
- Secrete parathyroid hormone
- Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
- Stimulate the _ to absorb more calcium
- Raise _ levels in the blood
posterior
kidneys and intestine
calcium
- Sits on top of the kidneys
- its 2 glands
adrenal glands
- Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers
- Medulla – inner neural tissue region
– outer glandular region of adrenal glands
cortex
inner neural tissue region of adrenal glands
medulla
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
- mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
- sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)
cortex- outermost, glandular
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
catecholoamines:
epinephrine
norepinephrine
- Produced in outer adrenal cortex
- Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance
- Target organ is the kidney
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Production stimulated by what enzyme and what hormone?
renin and aldosterone
renin - controls production of aldosterone (enzyme in kidney)
aldosterone - help regulate blood pressure and electrolyte levels (hormone from adrenal glands)
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Production inhibited by _
atrial natriuretic peptide
mas maraming solute - mas mataas na blood pressure
the mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure, so ang atrial natriuretic peptide ang nagrereduce ng blood volume and pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
- Produced in the _ layer of the adrenal cortex
- Promote normal cell metabolism
- Help resist long-term stressors
- Released in response to increased blood levels of _
Glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol)
middle
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
Sex Hormones
- Produced in the _ layer of the adrenal cortex
- Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
inner
what are the hormones that prepare the body to
deal with short-term stress
(catecholamines)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
ex. adrenaline, short and quick
because it is flight or fight response
- Name of The pancreas as a mixed gland
- what hormones it produce?
- Pancreatic islets
- insulin
- glucagon
These hormones are antagonists (opposite silang dalawa) that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
insulin - pinapababa ang sugar level by storing it as glycogen
glucagon - pinapataas ang sugar level by breaking down glycogen
allows glucose to cross plasma
membranes into cells from beta cells
Insulin
allows glucose to enter the
blood from alpha cells
Glucagon
- Found on the third ventricle of the brain
- Secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
- Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
- May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions
melatonin
Thymus
- Located posterior to the sternum
- Largest in infants and children
- Produces _
thymosin
- what hormone matures some types of white blood cells
- Important in developing the immune system
thymosin
- Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
- Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
- Matures female reproductive organs
- Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
- Helps maintain pregnancy
- Prepares the breasts to produce milk
estrogens
Hormones of the Ovaries
- Produced by the corpus luteum
- Acts with estrogen to bring about the _
- Helps in the _ of an embryo in the uterus
Progesterone
menstrual cycle
implantation
Hormones of the Testes
- _ of testes are hormone-producing
- Produce several androgens
- _ is the most important androgen
Interstitial cells
Testosterone
- Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
- Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
- Required for sperm cell production
testosterone
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues
and Organs
- parts of small intestine
- parts of stomach
- kidneys
- heart
- many other areas scattered endocrine cells
Endocrine Function of the Placenta
- Produces what hormones that maintain the pregnancy
- Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
- Produces _ in addition to _, and other hormones
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG
estrogen, progesterone
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age
* _ is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
* Problems associated with _ are common
* Growth hormone production declines with age
* Many endocrine glands decrease output with _
Menopause
reduced estrogen
age
Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release
humoral stimuli of endocrine sytem
