1 Intro & Homeostasis Flashcards
refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or
skin can be examined, historically, by means of cadaveric dissections
is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Physiology
Levels of
Structural
Organization
chemical level/ atoms
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
- forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- synthesizes vitamin D
- location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc) and sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
- blood cells are formed within the bones
- stores minerals
skeletal system
- allows manipulation of the environment
- locomotion and facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
muscular system
3 organs of integumentary system
hair
skin
fingernails
3 organs of skeletal system
cartilages
joint
bones
organs of muscular system
skeletal muscles
4 organs of nervous system
brain
sensory receptor
spinal cord
nerves
7 organs of endocrine system
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect)
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
testis/ ovary
2 organs of cardiovascular system
heart
blood vessels
- fast-acting control system of the body
- responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
endocrine system
- blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc
- the heart pumps blood
cardiovascular system
2 organs of lymphatic system
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
6 organs of respiratory system
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
6 organs of digestive system
oral cavity
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- disposes debris in the lymphatic stream
- houses white blood cells involved in immunity
lymphatic system
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
respiratory system
- breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
digestive system
4 organs of urinary system
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
5 organs of reproductive organs of male
prostate gland
testis
scrotum
penis
seminal vesicles
5 organs of reproductive system of female
mammary glands (in breasts)
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
vagina
- eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
overall function of reproductive system
production of offspring
produce sperm and male sex hormone
testes
aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
ducts and glands
produce eggs and female sex hormones
ovaries
produce milk to nourish the newborn
mammary glands of female breasts
Life Maintenance and
Function
- Maintaining Boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a _ rate than
cell-destroying ones.
faster
Survival Needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal Body Temperature
- Atmospheric Pressure
Anatomical Position
standing _ and facing forward with each arm hanging oneither side of the body, and the palms facing _. The legs are _, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward
upright
forward
parallel
toward the head end/ upper part of a structure/ body
above
superior (cranial or cephalic)
the forehead is superior to the nose
away from the head end/ toward the lower part of a structure/ body
below
inferior (caudal)
the navel is inferior to the breastbone
toward/ at the front of the body
in front of
anterior/ ventral
the breastbone is anterior to the spine
toward/ at the backside of the body
behind
posterior/ dorsal
the heart is posterior to the breastbone
toward/ at the midline of the body
on the inner side of
medial
the heart is medial to the arm
away from the midline of the body
on the outer side of
lateral
the arms are lateral to the chest
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder
close to the origin of the body part/ the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
the elbow is proximal to the wrist
(the elbow is closer to the shoulder/ attachment point of the arm than the wrist is)
farther from the origin of a body part/ the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
the knee is distal to the thigh
toward/ at the body surface
superficial/ external
the skin is superficial to the skeleton
away from the body surface/ more internal
deep/ internal
the lungs are deep to the rib cage
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Abdominal
point of shoulder
Acromial
forearm
Antebrachial
anterior surface of elbow
Antecubital
armpit
Axillary
arm
Brachial
cheek area
Buccal
wrist
Carpal
neck region
Cervical
hip
Coxal
anterior leg; the shin
Crural
the curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Deltoid
fingers, toes
Digital
: thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)
Femoral
: lateral part of leg
Fibular
forehead
Frontal
area where thigh meets
Inguinal
groin
Body trunk;
chin
Mental
nose area
Nasal
mouth
Oral
eye area
Orbital
anterior knee
Patellar
relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest
Pectoral
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pelvic
genital region
Pubic
breastbone area
Sternal
ankle region
Tarsal
area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest
Thoracic
navel
Umbilical
heel of foot
Calcaneal
head
Cephalic
thigh
Femoral
buttock
Gluteal
area of the back between ribs and hips; the loin
Lumbar
posterior surface of head or base of skull
Occipital
posterior surface of elbow
Olecranal
posterior knee area
Popliteal
at posterior
area between hips at base of spine
Sacral
shoulder blade region
Scapular
the posterior surface of leg; the calf
Sural
area of spinal column
Vertebral
— this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides;
- Sagittal plane (median, wheel) —
a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides
Median Sagittal Plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)
Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane —
— this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet
Transverse (horizontal, table) plane
- any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism
- the space where internal organs develop, located
between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity
body cavity
”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the _ because it is by far the largest one in volume.
ventral body cavity
the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the
umbilicus (navel)
umbilical region
located superior to the umbilical region
epigastric region
(epi = upon,
above; gastric = stomach)
is inferior to the umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region
(hypo =
below)
are lateral
to the hypogastric region
right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region
(iliac = superior part of the hip bone).
lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the
hip bones;
right lumbar region and left lumbar region
umbilical region (lumbus = loins)
lateral to the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region
(chondro = cartilage)
- contains the teeth and tongue.
- This cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
Oral cavity and digestive cavity.
- Located within and posterior to the nose,
- part of the respiratory system.
- Nasal cavity
in the skull house the eyes and
present them in an anterior position
Orbital cavities/ orbits
carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
Middle ear cavities
body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeostasis
essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones, respectively, as information carriers
Communication
- type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
- responds to such changes, called stimuli, by sending
information (input) to the second component, the control center
receptor
Information
flows from the receptor to the control center along the
afferent pathway
determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
control center
provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to
the stimulus.
effector
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the
efferent pathway.
is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.
feedback mechanism
serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
Negative feedback
temperature regulation and control of blood glucose
serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is
reached.
Positive feedback
blood clotting and childbirth
