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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 6 Special Senses > Flashcards

6 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

General senses of touch

A
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Pain
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2
Q

Special senses

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
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3
Q
  • are either large, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears) or
  • localized clusters or receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)
A

Special sense
receptors

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4
Q

_ percent of all sensory receptors are
in the eyes

A

70

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5
Q

Each eye has over a _ nerve fibers

A

million

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6
Q

Protection for the eye
* Most of the eye is enclosed in a _
* A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

A

bony orbit

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7
Q

8 Accessory Structures of the Eye

A
  1. Eyelids
  2. Eyelashes
  3. Meibomian glands
  4. Ciliary glands
  5. Conjunctiva
  6. Lacrimal apparatus (gland and canals)
  7. Lacrimal sac
  8. Nasolacrimal duct
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8
Q

empties lacrimal
fluid into the nasal
cavity

A

Nasolacrimal duc

kaya kapag umiiyak, sinisipon din

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9
Q

provides passage
of lacrimal fluid
towards nasal
cavity

A

Lacrimal sac

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10
Q

drains lacrimal
fluid from eyes

A

Lacrimal canals

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11
Q

produces lacrimal fluid

A

Lacrimal gland

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12
Q
  • Membrane that lines the eyelids
  • Connects to the surface of the eye
  • Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
A

Conjunctiva

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13
Q

modified sweat glands
between the eyelashes

A

Ciliary glands

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14
Q

modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye

A

Meibomian glands

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15
Q

2 Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus

A
  1. Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye
  2. Empties into the nasal cavity
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16
Q

2 Properties of lacrimal fluid

A
  1. Dilute salt solution (tears)
  2. Contains antibodies and lysozyme
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17
Q
  • Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
  • Produce gross eye movements and make it possible to follow moving objects
A

Extrinsic (External) Eye Muscles

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18
Q
  • The wall of the eye is composed of three tunics – _
  • while the interior is filled with fluids called _
A

coats

humors

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19
Q

eye wall layer

outside layer

A

Fibrous tunic (sclera)

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20
Q

eye wall layer

middle
layer

A

Choroid

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21
Q

eye wall layer

inside
layer

A

Sensory
tunic

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22
Q
  • White connective tissue layer
  • Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye
A

Sclera

a fibrous tunic

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23
Q
  • Transparent, central anterior portion
  • Allows for light to pass through
  • Repairs itself easily
  • The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection – no blood vessels
A

Cornea

a fibrous tunic

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24
Q
  • Blood-rich nutritive tunic
  • Dark pigment prevents light from scattering inside the eye
A

Choroid Layer

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25
Q

a choroid layer that is smooth muscle to which the lens
is attached

A

Ciliary body

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26
Q

a choroid layer that is
* Pigmented layer that gives eye color

A

iris

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27
Q

rounded opening in the iris for light to
enter

A

pupil

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28
Q

Sensory Tunic (Retina)Sensory Tunic (Retina) have receptor cells: (photoreceptors)

A
  1. rods
  2. cones
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29
Q

Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two-neuron chain

A
  • Bipolar neurons
  • Ganglion cells
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30
Q

Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the _

A

optic nerve

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31
Q
  • Most are found towards the edges of the retina
  • Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
  • Perception is all in gray tones
A

Rods

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32
Q
  • Allow for detailed color vision in bright light
  • Densest in the center of the retina
A

cones

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33
Q

_ – area of the retina with only cones – lateral to each blind spot

A

Fovea centralis

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34
Q

_ photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot – where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

A

No

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

3 types of cones

A
  • 420 nm blue cones
  • 530 nm green cones
  • 560 nm red cones
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37
Q

Color blindness is the result
of lack of _ cone type

A

one

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38
Q

Impulses received at the
same time are interpreted
as _ colors

A

intermediate

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39
Q
  • Biconvex crystal-like structure
  • Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
A

lens

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40
Q

Internal Eye Chamber Fluid

A
  • Aqueous humor
  • Vitreous humor
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41
Q
  • Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and cornea
  • Similar to blood plasma
  • Helps maintain intraocular pressure
  • Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
  • Reabsorbed into venous blood through the canal of Schlemm
A

Aqueous humor

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42
Q
  • Gel-like substance behind the lens
  • Keeps the eye from collapsing inward by reinforcing it internally
  • Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced
A

Vitreous humor

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43
Q

Cataracts form when the
lens becomes _ over time
requiring a transplant or
special glasses

A

increasingly
hard and opaque

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44
Q

_ results when the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked and pressure within the eye increases dramatically and compresses the delicate retina and optic nerve causing pain and blindness

A

Glaucoma

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45
Q

Light must be focused to a point on the _ for optimal vision – done by the lens

A

retina

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46
Q

The resting eye is set
for distance vision

A

over 20 ft away

47
Q

The lens must change
shape to focus for
_ objects –
accommodation

A

closer

48
Q

Images Formed on the Retina

A

Real image (reversed left to right, and upside down) formed on the retina

49
Q

optic nerve croses at the _ to the opposite side

A

optic chiasma

50
Q

In eyes

Fiber tracts that
result are the _

A

optic
tracts

51
Q

The optic tract fibers
synapse with neurons in
the thalamus, whose axons
form _

A

optic radiation

52
Q

Eye Reflexes

Internal muscles are controlled by the
_ nervous system

A

autonomic

53
Q

Bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial and ciliary muscles _

A

photopupillary reflex

54
Q

Viewing close objects causes accommodation
– _

A

accommodation pupillary reflex

55
Q

Viewing close objects causes _ (eyes moving medially (toward nose))

A

convergence

56
Q

ear houses 2 senses

A
  1. hearing
  2. equilibrium - balance
57
Q

ear Receptors are _ –
respond to physical forces

A

mechanoreceptors

58
Q

3 areas of ear

A
  1. outer ear - external
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear - internal
59
Q

Outer and middle ear structures involved in _ only while inner ear functions in both _

A

hearing

equilibrium and hearing

60
Q

2 structures of external ear

A
  1. pinna (auricle) - the ear
  2. external auditory canal
61
Q
  • Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
  • Lined with skin
  • Ceruminous (wax) glands are present that secrete earwax – _
  • Ends at the _ (eardrum) where sound waves hit and cause vibrations
A

External Auditory Canal
cerumen
tympanic membrane

62
Q

Air-filled cavity within the temporal bon

A

Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity

63
Q

Two tubes are associated with the inner ear

A
  • the oval window
  • inferior membrane-covered round wind
64
Q

The opening from the auditory canal is covered by the _

A

tympanic membrane

65
Q

The auditory tube connecting the middle ear
with the _

Allows for equalizing _ during yawning or swallowing – This tube is otherwise collapsed

A

throat

pressure

66
Q

Three bones span
the cavity – the
ossicles

A
  1. Malleus (hammer)
  2. Incus (anvil)
  3. Stapes (stirrup)
67
Q

Vibrations from eardrum move the _

These bones transfer sound to the inner ear

A

malleus

68
Q

A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone called the _

A

osseous or bony labyrinth

69
Q

osseous or bony labyrinth consists of

A
  1. cochlea
  2. vestibule
  3. semicircular canals
70
Q

Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

Filled with a plasma-like fluid called _

Inside is a membranous labyrinth that contains a thicker fluid called _

A

perilymph

endolymph

71
Q

Located within the cochlea

A

Organ of Corti

72
Q

Receptors = hair cells on the basilar
membrane –

A

hearing receptors

73
Q

Gel-like _ membrane is capable of
bending hair cells

A

tectorial

74
Q

Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on _ lobe

A

temporal

75
Q

Vibrations from sound waves move
_

A

tectorial membrane

76
Q

In ears,
An action potential starts in the _

A

cochlear
nerve

77
Q

Continued stimulation can lead to
adaptation – _ responding to those sounds

A

stop

hindi na magugulat since nasanay na yung ears

78
Q

organs of equilibrium

Receptor cells are in two structures

A

vestibule

semicircular canals

79
Q

Equilibrium has two functional parts

A
  1. static equilibrium
  2. dynamic equilibrium
80
Q

static equilibrium

– receptors in the vestibule

A

maculae

81
Q

static equilibrium

  • Report on the position of the head with respect to gravity – help determine up from down
  • Send information via the vestibular nerve
A

maculae

82
Q

Anatomy of the maculae

  • Hair cells are embedded in the _ membrane
  • _ (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells
  • Movements cause 2_ to bend the hair cells which send impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
A

otolithic

Otoliths

83
Q

dynamic equilibrium

receptors in the
semicircular canals

A

Crista ampullaris

84
Q

Crista ampullaris consists of

A
  1. tuft of hair cells
  2. cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
85
Q

Receptors respond to angular or rotatory
movements of the head

A

dynamic equilibrium

86
Q

dynamic equilibrium

  • The cupula stimulates the hair cells – _
  • An impulse is sent via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
A

gelatinous cap

87
Q

taste and smell uses what kind of receptors

A

chemical senses/
chemoreceptors

88
Q

Taste has _ types of receptors

A

four

89
Q

Smell can differentiate a _ range of
chemicals

A

large

90
Q

Both taste and smell senses complement each other and respond to many of the _ stimuli

A

same

91
Q

are in the roof of the
nasal cavity

A

Olfactory receptors

92
Q

olfaction

Neurons with long cilia

A

olfactory hairs

93
Q

In smell,
Chemicals must be dissolved in _ for detection

A

mucus

94
Q

Impulses are transmitted via the _ which makes up the olfactory nerves

A

olfactory filaments

95
Q

Interpretation of smells is made in the
_

A

olfactory cortex

96
Q

gustatory

_
house the
receptor
organs

A

Taste buds

97
Q

Location of taste buds

A
  1. most are on tongue
  2. soft palate
  3. inner cheeks
98
Q

The dorsal tongue is covered with
projections called _

A

papillae

99
Q

papillae sharp with no taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

100
Q

papillae rounded with taste buds

A

Fungiform papillae

101
Q

– large papillae with
taste buds

A

Circumvallate papillae

102
Q

Taste buds are found on the _ of
papillae

A

sides

103
Q

The specific cells that respond to chemical dissolved in saliva are _ -
Gustatory cells are the receptors

A

epithelial cells

104
Q

Gustatory cells Have _ (long microvilli)

A

gustatory hairs

Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste bud

105
Q

taste buds

Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in
_

A

saliva

106
Q

Impulses are carried to the _ by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas

A

gustatory complex

107
Q

taste buds can be found

A
  • facial nerve - anterior tongue
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • vagus nerve
108
Q

4 taste sensations

A
  1. sweet receptors
  2. sour receptors
  3. bitter receptors
  4. salty receptors
109
Q

Sweet receptors

A
  • Sugars
  • Saccharine
  • Some amino acid
  • May respond to the OH-
110
Q

Sour receptors

A
  • Acids
  • May respond to the H+
111
Q

Bitter receptors

A

Alkaloids

112
Q

Metal ions in solution

A

Salty receptors

113
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses

  • Formed early in embryonic development
  • Eyes are _ of the brain
  • All special senses are _ at birth
A

outgrowths
functional

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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