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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 10 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

10 Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatics aka

A

lymph vessel

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2
Q

Lymphatics function

A
  1. help maintain the body’s fluid balance
  2. absorb fats from the digestive tract
  3. provide immune defense agains microorganisms and disease
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3
Q

lymph aka

A

lymphatic fluid

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4
Q

a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries

A

lymph/
lymphatic fluid

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5
Q

lymph/
lymphatic fluid contains

A

proteins
minerals
fats
damaged cells
cancer cells
germs

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6
Q

Lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, about 1 cm long, and surrounded by a _ that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

A

fibrous capsule trabeculae

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7
Q

lymph nodes functions

A
  1. remove foreign material - bacteria, tumor cells from lymphatic stream
  2. provide place where lymphocytes that function in the immune response can be activated
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8
Q

a soft organ located in the left side of the
abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that
curls around the anterolateral aspect of the
stomach

A

Spleen

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9
Q

Spleen functions

A
  1. filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris.
  2. provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
  3. destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver
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10
Q

organ primarily
responsible for
the production
and maturation
of immune cells

A

Thymus

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11
Q

small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the
mucosa surrounding the pharynx

A

Tonsils

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12
Q

Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other
foreign pathogens entering the throat

A

Tonsils

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13
Q

Resembles like tonsils

A

Peyer’s Patch and Appendix

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14
Q

Peyer’s patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are
part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues
referred to as _

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)

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15
Q

acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory
and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of
foreign matter entering those cavities

A

Peyer’s Patch and Appendix

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16
Q

2 defense mechanisms of immune system

A

innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms

adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms

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17
Q

Innate defense mechanisms

1st line of defense

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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18
Q

Innate defense mechanisms

2nd line of defense

A
  1. phagocytic cells
  2. natural killer cells
  3. antimicrobial proteins
  4. the inflammatory response
  5. fever
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19
Q

Adaptive defense mechanisms

3rd line of defense

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. antibodies
  3. macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells
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20
Q

unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can
lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body
cells, or any nonspecific targets

A

Natural Killer Cells

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21
Q

Natural Killer Cells attack the target cell’s membrane and release
lytic chemicals called _, which pokes holes in the membrane, and _ (enzymes), which
degrade target cell contents

A

perforin

granzymes

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22
Q

NK cells also release powerful _
chemicals

A

inflammatory

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23
Q

a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever
body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory Response

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24
Q

four most common cardinal signs of acute
inflammation

A
  1. redness,
  2. heat,
  3. pain,
  4. swelling (edema)
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25
Q

A phagocyte, such as a _,
engulfs a foreign particle by the process of
phagocytosis

A

macrophage or neutrophil

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26
Q

Phagocytes

Flowing _ bind to the particle
and then pull it inside, forming a phagocytic vesicle.

A

cytoplasmic extensions

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27
Q

Phagocytes

The vesicle then fuses with a _, where
enzymes digest its contents

A

lysosome

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28
Q

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins
that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much
like inactive clotting proteins

A

Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement

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29
Q

However, when complement becomes attached, or
fixed, to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi, or
mismatched red blood cells, it is _ and becomes a _ in the fight against foreign cells

A

activated

major factor

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30
Q

complement initiates

A

opsonization

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31
Q

any of several related
proteins that are produced by
the body’s cells as a
defensive response to viruses

A

Antimicrobial Proteins: Interferon

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32
Q

They are important
modulators of the immune
response

A

Antimicrobial Proteins: Interferon

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33
Q

_ can also combat
bacterial and parasitic
infections, inhibit cell division,
and promote or impede the
differentiation of cells

A

Interferons

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34
Q

abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic
response to invading microorganisms

A

fever

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35
Q

Normally the thermostat is set at approximately
37°C (98.6°F), but it can be reset upward in response to _ (chemicals secreted by white
blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign
cells or substances in the body)

A

pyrogens

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36
Q

Adaptive Immune System

a functional system that recognizes foreign molecules called _ and acts to inactivate or
destroy them

A

antigens

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37
Q

3 Aspects of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. antigen specific
  2. systemic
  3. memory
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38
Q

Aspects of Adaptive Immunity

it recognizes and acts against
particular pathogens or foreign substances

A

antigen specific

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39
Q

Aspects of Adaptive Immunity

immunity is not restricted to the initial
infection site

A

systemic

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40
Q

Aspects of Adaptive Immunity

it recognizes and mounts even
stronger, faster attacks on previously encountered
pathogens.

A

memory

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41
Q

humoral immunity aka

A

antibody mediated immunity

42
Q

A defense provided
by antibodies
(immune proteins)
present in the body’s
“humors,” or fluids

A

humoral immunity

43
Q

Cellular Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is _ (lymphocytes)

A

living cells

44
Q

Cellular Immunity

The cellular arm also has _—virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign
grafts

A

cellular targets

45
Q

Cellular Immunity

The lymphocytes act against such targets either
directly, by lysing the foreign cells, or indirectly, by _ that enhance the inflammatory
response or activate other immune cells

A

releasing chemicals

46
Q

any substance capable of provoking an
immune response

A

Antigen

47
Q

An almost limitless variety of substances can
act as antigens, including virtually all foreign
_, _, many large
_, and some _

A

proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids

48
Q

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from
_ in red bone marrow.

A

hemocytoblasts

49
Q

The immature (called naive) lymphocytes released
from the marrow are essentially _

A

identical

50
Q

Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell
or a T cell depends on where in the body it becomes _

A

immunocompetent

51
Q

constitute the cell-mediated arm of the
adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies

A

T - lymphocytes
T cells

52
Q

can recognize and eliminate specific
virus-infected or tumor cells

A

T - lymphocytes

53
Q

T cells arise from lymphocytes that migrate to the _

A

thymus

54
Q

T cells undergo a maturation process lasting _,
directed by thymic hormones (thymosin and others)

A

2 to 3 days

55
Q

produce antibodies and
oversee humoral immunity

A

B – lymphocytes or B cells

56
Q

B cells develop immunocompetence in bone marrow,
but less is known about the factors that regulate _

A

B cell maturation

57
Q

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells
and B cells migrate to the _
(and loose connective tissues), where their
encounters with antigens will occur

A

lymph nodes and spleen

58
Q

when the lymphocytes bind with recognized
_, they complete their differentiation from
naive cells into fully mature T cells and B cells

A

antigens

59
Q

Mature lymphocytes, especially _, circulate
continuously through the body

A

T cells

60
Q

Lymphocytes become immunocompetent before
meeting the antigens they may later attack.

Thus, it is our _, not antigens, that determine what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist

A

genes

61
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells

engulf antigens and then present _ of
them, like _, on their own surfaces, where
they can be recognized by T cells

A

fragments
signal flags

62
Q

major types of cells acting as APCs

A
  1. dendritic cells (in connective tissues, epidermis)
  2. macrophages (lymphoid organs)
  3. B lymphocytes
63
Q

Humoral Immune Response

B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its
development when antigens bind to its _

A

surface
receptors

64
Q

Humoral Immune Response

This binding event sensitizes, or activates, the
lymphocyte to “switch on” and undergo _

A

clonal
selection

65
Q

Humoral Immune Response

The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of cells exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

A

clonal selection for humoral immune response

66
Q

naturally acquired during bacterial and viral
infections, during which we may develop the signs
and symptoms of the disease and suffer a little (or
a lot)

A

Active Immunity

67
Q

Active Immunity is _ acquired when we receive _

A

artificially

vaccines

68
Q

Active Immunity

Vaccines: (1) spare us most of the _ (and discomfort) of the disease that
would otherwise occur during the primary response

A

signs and
symptoms

69
Q

Active Immunity

Vaccines: (2) the _ are still able to stimulate
antibody production and promote immunological
memory

A

weakened antigens

70
Q

Active Immunity

a phenomenon in which a population
of people are generally protected because most of a
given population is immune to a disease or infection

A

Herd immunity

71
Q

refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to
protect against infection; it gives immediate, but
short-lived protection—several weeks to** 3 or 4
months** at most

A

Passive Immunity

72
Q

Passive immunity is acquired by a fetus
when it receives maternal antibodies

A

Natural Passive immunity

73
Q

Passive immunity is acquired when a
person receives antibodies contained in antisera or
gamma globulin

A

Artificial Passive immunity

74
Q

are proteins made in laboratories that act like
proteins called antibodies in our bodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies (moAbs or mAbs)

75
Q

The word “monoclonal” refers to the fact that the
antibodies created in the laboratory are _

A

clones

76
Q

also referred to as
immunoglobulins constitute the
gamma globulin part of
blood proteins

A

Antibodies

77
Q

Antibodies are soluble
proteins secreted by _ in response to an
antigen, and they are
capable of binding
specifically with that antigen

A

activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring

78
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways—by _

A
  1. complement fixation,
  2. neutralization,
  3. agglutination,
  4. opsonization,
  5. precipitation
79
Q

occurs when antibodies bind to
specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a
cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic
proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can
cause cell injury

A

Neutralization

80
Q

is an immune process which uses
opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by
phagocytes

A

Opsonization

81
Q

formation of clumps of cells or inert
particles

A

Agglutination

82
Q

_ specialize
in killing virus-infected,
cancer, or
foreign graft
cells directly

A

Cytotoxic T
cells

83
Q

T cells that act as the _ of
the adaptive immune response

A

“directors” or “managers”

84
Q

Once T cells activated, they circulate through the _,
recruiting other cells to fight the invaders

A

body

85
Q

T helper cells release cytokine to:

A

(1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow
and divide;

(2) attracting other types of protective white blood
cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and

(3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf
and destroy microorganisms.

86
Q

release chemicals that suppress the activity of both
T and B cells

A

T regulatory cells

87
Q

Regulatory T cells are vital for _ the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

A

winding down and
stopping

88
Q

Regulatory T cells help prevent _
immune system activity, which often harms healthy
tissues

A

uncontrolled or unnecessary

89
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

lymphocyte that resides in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues, where it is induced to replicate by antigen-binding and helper T cell interactions, its progeny (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells

A

B cell

90
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

antibody-producing “machine”, produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin); specialized B cell clone descendant

A

Plasma cell

91
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

A T cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by an APC; it stimulates the production of other immune cells (cytotoxic T cells and B cells) to help fight the invader, acts both directly and indirectly by releasing cytokines

A

Helper T cell

92
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

Activity enhanced by helper T cells; its specialty is killing cells with intracellular antigen (like viruses, some bacteria); as well as body cells that have become cancerous; involved in graft rejection

A

cytotoxic T cell

93
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

slows or stops the activity of B and T cells once the infection (or attack by foreign cells) has been conquered; thought to be important in preventing autoimmune diseases

A

regulatory T cell

94
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

descendant of an activated B cell or T cell; generated during both primary and secondary immune responses; may exist in the body for years thereafter, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infections of meetings with the same antigen

A

memory cell

95
Q

Cells involved in Immunity

any of sevenral cells types (macrophages, dendritic cell, B cell) that engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters and presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antige; this function, antigen presentation, is essential for normal cell-mediated responses. Macrophages and dendritic cells also release chemicals (cytokines) that activate many other immune cells

A

antigen-presenting cell APC

96
Q

Organ Transplant and Rejection

are tissue grafts harvested from a
different animal species, such as a porcine (pig)
heart valve transplanted into a human

A

Xenografts

97
Q

Organ Transplant and Rejection

are tissue grafts taken from a person
other than an identical twin.

A

Allografts

98
Q

Organ Transplant and Rejection

are tissue grafts donated by a genetically
identical person, the only example being an
identical twin

A

Isografts

99
Q

Organ Transplant and Rejection

are tissue grafts transplanted from one
site to another in the same person.

A

Autografts

100
Q

Drugs that prevent your immune system from
attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake

A

Immunosuppressive Therapy

corticosteroids
antiproliferative drugs
immunosuppressor drugs

101
Q

Immunosuppressive Theraphy

to suppress inflammation

A

corticosteroids

Many of these drugs kill rapidly dividing cells (such as activated lymphocytes), and all of them have severe side effects

102
Q

Immunosuppressive Theraphy

to prevent division of
immune cells

A

antiproliferative drugs

Many of these drugs kill rapidly dividing cells (such as activated lymphocytes), and all of them have severe side effects

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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