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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 2 Skin > Flashcards

2 Skin Flashcards

and Integumentary System

1
Q
  • covering membrane,
  • lining membrane
A

Epithelial membrane

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2
Q

3 Epithelial membrane

A
  1. cutaneous membrane
  2. mucous membrane
  3. serous membrane
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3
Q

2 membranes of skin

A
  1. epithelial membrane
  2. connective tissue membrane
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4
Q

2 tissues of cutaneous membrane

A
  1. epidermis - squamous epithelial tissue
  2. dermis - dense irregular connective tissue
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5
Q

superficial epithelial membrane

A

cutaneous membrane

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6
Q

cutaneous membrane layer

  • squamous (no vascular) epithelial tissue
A

epidermis

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7
Q

cutaneous membrane layer

  • dense irregular connective tissue,
  • vascularized
  • gives nutrients to epidermis
A

dermis

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8
Q
  • resting on loose (areolar) connective tissue (lamina propia)
  • have mucosae for protection (due to moist to tissues) and secretion
A

Mucous membrane

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9
Q

this membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior

A

mucous membrane

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10
Q
  • simple squamous epithelium;
  • has serous fluids to protect epithelial membrane (serosal membrane – interconnects specific organs);
  • shaped based on shape of the organ
A

Serous membrane/ serosa

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11
Q
  • held organs in place
  • forms internal visceral layer which covers the outside of the organ in that cavity
  • underlies ventral body cavity,
A

Serous membrane/ serosa

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12
Q
  • reduce friction between the organs and the body cavities they occupy thru serous fluid
A

Serous membrane/ serosa

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13
Q

membrane covers body

A

cutaneous membrane

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14
Q

membrane that line body cavities closed to exterior

A

serous membrane/ serosa

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15
Q
  • loose areolar (not much fiber - only for fibrous capsules surrounding joints for lubrication),
  • secretes lubricating fluid,
  • no epithelial,
  • cushion organs
A

Synovial membrane

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16
Q

These membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints providing a smooth surface
and secreting lubricating fluid

A

Synovial membrane

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17
Q

They also line small sacs of connective tissue called bursae and the tubelike tendon sheaths.

A

Synovial membrane

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18
Q

Integumentary System Functions

A
  1. protection
    * mechanical damage
    * chemical damage
    * microbe damage
    * UV
    * thermal damage
    * dessication
  2. temperature
  3. excretion
  4. synthesized vit D
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19
Q

Mechanical damage
* physical barrier,
* protects from bumps, _ (helps in water perspiration) &
* _ – stretch; receptors; tough cells

A

keratin
elastin

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20
Q

b. Chemical damage – skin is impermeable due to _ but can be permeable depending on kind of acid

A

keratin

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21
Q

because skin is intact, no entry of bacteria

A

c. Microbe damage

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22
Q

melanocyte produces melanin to protect from

A

d. UV

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23
Q

e. Thermal damage - have _

A

thermal receptor

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24
Q

f. Desiccation - have _ for water retention, barrier

A

glycolipid

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25
Q
  1. Temperature – _ release and close to conserve heat
A

skin pores

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26
Q

excretion of body wastes such as

A

sodium, urea, uric acid

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27
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D by converting _ into vitamin D by exposure to _

A

modified cholesterol - cholecalciferol
sunlight

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28
Q

3 skin structure

A

outer epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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29
Q
  • stratified squamous epithelium,
  • hard and tough,
  • have own strata
A
  1. Outer epidermis
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30
Q

store fat deposit, adipose tissue

A
  1. Hypodermis
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31
Q
  • not considered part of skin
  • anchor skin to underlying organs
  • provides a site for nutrient storage
A

Hypodermis

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32
Q

strata of epidermis

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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33
Q
  • stratum where the stem cell continuously dividing;
  • some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
A
  1. Stratum basale
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34
Q
  • stratum with thick/high pigment, intermediate filament made of pre-keratin;
  • has dendritic cells
A

Stratum spinosum

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35
Q
  • stratum is flattened,
  • cytoplasm full of granules
  • organelles are deteriorating
A

Stratum granulosum

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36
Q

stratum where cells begin to die

A

Stratum lucidum

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37
Q
  • stratum where vessels are present,
  • dead cells (present and thickest in palmar and plantar)
  • flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
A

Stratum corneum

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38
Q

Cells in Epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. langerhans cells
  4. merkel cells
  5. basal cells
  6. dendritic cells
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39
Q

the _ of stratum corneum in extracellular space make skin water-resistant

A

glycolipid

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40
Q

cells for immunity; detects pathogens

A

Langerhans cells

41
Q
  • cells which are light/ hard touch; sensitive to touch
  • connect to nerve endings in the dermis
A

Merkel cells

42
Q
  • vascular,
  • strong, help the body bind together
  • connective tissue, stretched enveloped,
A

Dermis

43
Q

two major regions of dermis

A

papillary layer - areolar connective tissue
reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue

44
Q
  • superficial,
  • touch & pain receptor;
  • dermal papillae (formed looped, whorled structure for gripping; increases friction and grasp);
  • evolutionary adaptation of primates (in palm only)
A

Papillary layer

45
Q
  • deepest skin layer,
  • have collagen and elastic fibers,
  • blood vessels, sebsory neurons
  • oil & sweat glands;
  • _ - deep pressure receptor
A

Reticular layer

lamellar corpuscles

46
Q

How many Skin Receptors in skin

A

one square inch of the skin = 14 receptors

47
Q

skin receptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel disc
Root hair plexus
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini’s endings
Krause’s end bulbs

48
Q
  • light touch and texture
  • fine vibration
A

Meissner’s corpuscles

49
Q

Respond to sustained touch and pressure

A

Merkel disc

50
Q

wrapped around the base of hair follicles; detect light touch and vibrations when the hair moves

A

Root hair plexus

51
Q

Detect deep pressure and fast vibrations

A

Pacinian corpuscles

52
Q
  • hair stands - cold
  • hair leans - hot;

erector muscles present in skin hair for what?

A

Thermoregulation in skin

53
Q

Skin color – due to deposits of _ for protection from UV

A

melanin

54
Q

deprivation of oxygen

A

Cyanosis - peripheral cyanosis

55
Q

Effects of Emotions to skin

A
  1. Redness / Erythema
  2. Pallor/ Blanching
  3. Jaundice/ Yellow cast
  4. Bruises – black/ blue marks
56
Q

embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy; due to blood rush

A

Redness / Erythema

57
Q

fear, anger, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow causing paleness

A

Pallor/ Blanching

58
Q

what forms hair

A

epithelial root sheath

59
Q

yellow skin; excess bile pigment (bilirubin) in blood, circulates throughout the body and becomes deposited in body tissues, liver disorder

A

jaundice/ Yellow cast

60
Q

black/ blue marks – internal blood clotting; blood escapes circulation and clotted in tissue spaces, blood clotting called _

A

Bruises
hematomas

61
Q

2 cutaneous glands

A
  1. sebaceous gland
  2. sweat gland
62
Q

2 glands of sweat glands

A
  1. eccrine
  2. apocrine
63
Q
  • oil glands,
  • sebum (oily substances mixed with fragmented cells) - for lubrication and protection; prevents hair from getting brittle
  • absent in hands & soles,
A

Sebaceous gland

64
Q

sweat, regulates body temperature, tubular

A

Sweat glands

65
Q
  • own path;
  • body heat regulates sweat when high temperature;
  • secretes clear water with salt, vitamin C, metabolites, urea;
  • sweat is acidic pH 4-6 inhibiting bacterial growth
A

Eccrine

66
Q
  • no path;
  • axillary & genital;
  • releases fatty acids, proteins in hairs;
  • milky/ yellowish color; odorless
A

Apocrine

Sweats are rich in proteins - bacteria use fatty acids and protein as nutrient source to break down causing unpleasant odor

67
Q

hair are produced by

A

hair follicles

68
Q

what forms hair

A

epithelial root sheath

69
Q
  • Modified skin; Scale-like epidermis
A

Nail

70
Q

Infections of skin

A
  1. Athlete’s foot
  2. Boils & carbuncles
  3. Cold sores (fever blisters)
  4. Contact dermatitis
  5. Impetigo
  6. Psoriasis
  7. Burns
  8. Basal cell carcinoma
  9. Squamous cell carcinoma
  10. Malignant melanoma
71
Q
  • caused by Tinea pedis (fungus; indigenous microflora),
  • prolonged antibiotic
A

Athlete’s foot

alipunga

72
Q
  • inflammation of hair follicles and surround tissues
  • also known as furuncles
  • caused by S. aureus
A

Boils

carbuncles

pigsa

73
Q
  • human herpes virus 1 infection occurs around lips, nose, and mucosa of the mouth;
  • emotional upset, fever, UV
A

Cold sores (fever blisters)

74
Q
  • itching, redness and swelling of skin due to chemicals (poison ivy);
  • progressive blistering,
  • allergic responses
A

Contact dermatitis

75
Q
  • staphylococcus & streptococcus,
  • contagious;
  • pink;
  • fluid-filled;
  • raised lesions;
  • internal fluids
A

Impetigo

76
Q

autoimmune disorder; reddened epidermal lesions

A

Psoriasis

77
Q

tissue death and cell death caused by sunburn, acid, UV, electricity; tissue damage and cell death

A

Burns

78
Q

burn at superficial epidermis; sunburn

A

1st degree

79
Q

burn at epidermis & superficial dermis injury

A

2nd degree

regowth of epithelium can occur

80
Q

burn at epidermis, dermis to subcutaneous tissue; gray-white/ blackened area

A

3rd degree

81
Q

burn at bone, muscle, tendon; require surgery/ grafting; full thickness burn extended to tissue

A

4th degree

82
Q

a piece of skin transplant from gluteal (still based on compatibility)

A

Skin graft

83
Q

loss/ removal of body part

A

Amputation

84
Q
  • least malignant,
  • common skin cancer;
  • cells of stratum basale;
  • no longer form/ have keratin;
  • metastasized (one spot) is seldom
A

Basal cell carcinoma

85
Q

kinds of Basal cell carcinoma

A

a. Pigmented BCC
b. Nodular BCC
c. Superficial BCC
d. Morphoeic BCC
e. Basosquamous BCC

86
Q

at stratum spinosum; damages adjacent cell; exposure to UV; reddened papules

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

87
Q

melanocyte cancer, pigmented moles

A

Malignant melanoma

88
Q

ABCDE in Malignant Melanoma

A

A Asymmetry
B Border irregularity
C Color
D Diameter
E Evolution

89
Q
  • _ - downy type of fetus hair on 4th - 5th stage
A

Lanugo

90
Q
  • _ - oily coating; sebaceous gland produces cheesy-looking substances
A

Vernix caseosa

91
Q

protect baby skin floating water-filled sac

A

oil/ Sebaceous gland

92
Q
  • At adolescence - skin & hair become _ as sebaceous glands are activated
A

oilier

93
Q
  • Acne subsides during _ (early 25 - 30)
A

early adulthood

94
Q
  • As we age - subcutaneous tissue _ so we become more sensitive to cold; drier due to decrease in _ causing skin itchiness and sogginess
A

decreases
oil-producing

95
Q
  • Thinning of skin - susceptible to _
A

bruising

96
Q
  • Decreased in elasticity - _ of subcutaneous forming eye bags
A

loss

97
Q
  • Smoking & sunlight speeds up decrease in _
A

elasticity

98
Q
  • Hair losses faster as we age, at 50 hair follicle drop _ ,
  • condition as alopecia,
  • men baldness ( _ remains) is genetically controlled
  • gray hair
A

⅓
vellus hair

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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