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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 5 Nervous System > Flashcards

5 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

  • the primary control system of the body
  • provides higher mental function and emotional expression
  • maintains _
  • regulates activities of _
A

homeostasis
muscles and glands

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2
Q

Communication of nervous system involves a combination of _

A

electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

3 Overlapping Functions of NS

  1. Monitors stimuli and the gathered information called _
  2. It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides response—a process called _
  3. It then causes a response, or effect, by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via _
A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration.
  3. motor output.
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4
Q

Central nervous
system (CNS) consists of
the _,

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Act as the integrating and
command centers of the
nervous system

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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6
Q

They interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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7
Q

two divisions peripheral nervous system

A
  1. afferent division
  2. efferent division
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8
Q

afferent division could be stimulated through 2 stimulus:

A
  1. sensory stimuli
  2. visceral stimuli
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9
Q

efferent division is divided into:

A
  1. somatic ns
  2. autonomic ns
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10
Q

the autonomic ns subdivided into 3

A
  1. sympathetic ns
  2. parasympathetic ns
  3. enteric ns
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11
Q

includes all parts of the nervous
system

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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12
Q

PNS consists mainly of the _ that extend from the spinal cord and brain

A

nerves

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13
Q

_ carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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14
Q

_ carry impulses to and from the brain. These nerves serve as communication lines.

A

Cranial nerves

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15
Q

They link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles

A

PNS

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16
Q

sensory division aka

A

afferent division,

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17
Q

motor division aka

A

efferent division

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18
Q

consists of nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory division, or afferent division

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19
Q

division that
carries impulses from the
CNS to effector organs

A

motor division, or efferent division

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20
Q

delivering impulses from the skin,
skeletal muscles, and joints

A

Somatic Sensory Fibers

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21
Q

transmitting impulses from the visceral
organs

A

Visceral Sensory Fibers

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22
Q

allows us to voluntarily movement

A

Somatic nervous system

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23
Q

regulates events that are
involuntary movement

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

Support Cells

A

Neuroglia/
neuroglial cells

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25
Q

abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of neural tissue

A

Astrocytes

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26
Q

Astrocytes brace and anchor neurons to their _

A

nutrient supply lines

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27
Q

It forms a living barrier between capillaries and neurons, helps determine capillary permeability, and plays a role in making exchanges between the two

A

Astrocytes

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28
Q

also helps to control the chemical environment in the brain

A

Astrocytes

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29
Q

spiderlike phagocytes

A

Microglia

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30
Q

monitor the health of nearby
neurons and dispose of debris

A

Microglia

microglial cells are phagocytes that defend CNS cells

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31
Q

line the central cavities of the brain
and the spinal cord

A

Ependymal Cells

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32
Q

participate in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and forms a protective watery cushion around the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells

ependymal cells line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

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33
Q

what is the Neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions (processes) tightly around CNS nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called _

2 answers

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. myelin sheaths
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34
Q

2 Supporting cells in the PNS

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
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35
Q

form the myelin sheaths around nerve
fibers in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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36
Q

act as protective, cushioning cells for
peripheral neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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37
Q

nerve cells/ tissue

A

neurons

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38
Q

Cells specialized to transmit messages

A

neurons

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39
Q

Major regions of neurons

A
  1. Cell body
  2. processes
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40
Q

nucleus and metabolic center
of the cell

A

Cell body

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41
Q

– fibers that extend from the
cell body (dendrites and axons)

A

processes

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42
Q

Cell body of neurons consist of

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Large nucleolus
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43
Q

Extensions
outside the cell
body

A
  1. dendrites
  2. axons
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44
Q

extensions of cell body that conduct
impulses toward
the cell body

A

Dendrites

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45
Q

extensions of cell body that conduct impulses away from the cell body (only 1!)

A

axons

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46
Q

Axons end in _

A

axonal terminals

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47
Q

Axonal terminals contain vesicles with
_

A

neurotransmitters

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48
Q

Axonal terminals are separated from the
next neuron by these gaps

2

A
  1. synaptic cleft
  2. synapse
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49
Q

gap between adjacent
neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

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50
Q

junction between nerves

A

Synapse

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51
Q

Myelin Sheaths features these cells and structure

A
  1. schwann cells
  2. nodes of ranvier
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52
Q

Protects and insulates the fibers and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission

A

Myelin Sheaths

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53
Q

produce
myelin sheaths in jelly-roll
like fashion

A

Schwann cells

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54
Q

gaps
in myelin sheath along
the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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55
Q

cell bodies and unmylenated
fibers

A

Gray matter

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56
Q

cell bodies and mylenated
fibers

A

white matter

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57
Q

these are clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system

A

Nuclei

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58
Q

collections of cell bodies
outside the central nervous system

A

Ganglia

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59
Q

3 Functional Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. Motor (efferent) neurons
  3. Interneurons (association neurons)
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60
Q
  • Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
  • Cutaneous sense organs
  • what receptors detect stretch or tension
A

Sensory (afferent) neurons
Proprioceptors

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61
Q
  • Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system
  • Connect sensory and motor neurons
A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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62
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Unipolar neurons
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63
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

many extensions
from the cell body

A

Multipolar neurons

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64
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

one axon and one
dendrite

A

Bipolar neurons

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65
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

have a short single
process leaving the
cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

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66
Q

How Neurons Function
3

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Conductivity
  3. plasma membrane at rest is polarized (Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell)
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67
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

Irritability

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68
Q

ability to transmit an
impulse

A

Conductivity

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69
Q

process which a
stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane

A

Depolarization

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70
Q

depolarized
membrane allows
sodium (Na+) to flow
_ the membrane

A

inside

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71
Q

The exchange of ions
initiates an _ in the neuron

A

action
potential

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72
Q

If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the _

A

entire axon

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73
Q

Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which _ the membrane

A

repolarizes

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74
Q
  • The _ restores the original configuration
  • This action requires ATP
A

sodium-potassium pump

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75
Q

The impulse from axons and dendrites
continue to move
toward the _

A

cell body

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76
Q

Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a _

A

myelin
sheath

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77
Q

Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve through a substance called

A

neurotransmitter released from axon’s terminal and received by receptor of the dendrite of the next neuron

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78
Q

An action potential is started in the _

A

dendrite

not always

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79
Q

rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to stimuli

A

Reflex

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80
Q

direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

A

Reflex arc

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81
Q

Types of Reflexes

A
  1. autonomic reflexes
  2. somatic reflexes
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82
Q

4 Autonomic reflexes

A
  1. Smooth muscle regulation
  2. Heart and blood pressure regulation
  3. Regulation of glands
  4. Digestive system regulation
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83
Q

Somatic reflexes work via

A

Activation of skeletal muscles

84
Q

is a three-neuro reflex arc in which the limb is withdrawn from painful stimulus

A

flexor, or withdrawal, reflex

85
Q

three-neuron reflex arc (flexor) also consists of five elements

A
  1. receptor,
  2. sensory neuron,
  3. interneuron,
  4. motor neuron,
  5. an effector
86
Q

Because there is always a delay at synapses (it takestime for neurotransmitter to diffuse through the synapticcleft), the more synapses there are in a reflex pathway,the _ takes to happen

A

longer the reflex

87
Q

reflex that involve only spinal cord neurons and occur without brain involvement.

A

Spinal Reflexes

88
Q
  • As long as the spinal cord is functional, spinal reflexes, such as the flexor reflex, will work.
  • By contrast, some reflexes require that the brain become involved because _ have to be evaluated to arrive at the “right” response.
A

many different types of information

kapag mayadong maraming nangyayari

89
Q

CNS develops from the _

A

embryonic
neural tube

90
Q

The neural tube becomes the _

A

brain and
spinal cord

91
Q

The opening of the neural tube becomes
_

A

the ventricles

92
Q

ventricles become

A
  1. Four chambers within the brain
  2. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
93
Q

Regions of the Brain

A
  1. cerebral hemispheres
  2. diencephalon
  3. brain stem
  4. cerebellum
94
Q
  • Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
  • Include more than half of the brain mass
A

Cerebral Hemispheres
(Cerebrum)

95
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) surface is made of ridges () and grooves ()

A

gyri
sulci

96
Q

Fissures (deep grooves) divide the
cerebrum into _

A

Lobes of the Cerebrum

97
Q

4 Surface lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. occipital lobe
  4. temporal lobe
98
Q

region of the brain that functions for speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, consciousness, the interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement

A

The Cerebral Cortex

99
Q
  • is located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus
  • Impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors (except for the special senses) are localized and interpreted in this area of the brain.
  • Sensory Humunculus
A

Primary somatic sensory area

  • somatosensory cortex
  • speech, taste
  • somatosensory association area
  • reading
100
Q
  • allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles
  • Located in the anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe
  • The axons of these motor neurons form the major voluntary motor tract—the _ , which descends to the spinal cord
A

primary motor area

pyramidal tract, or corticospinal tract

101
Q
  • Also called the motor speech area
  • Helps us speak by sending the motor signals that allow us to form words with our mouths
  • found at the base of the precentral gyrus (the gyrus anterior to the central sulcus)
A

Broca’s area

102
Q
  • involved in higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behavior
  • anterior Part of the Frontal lobes
A

Anterior association area

103
Q

also house areas involved with language comprehension

A

Frontal lobes

104
Q

Complex memories appear to be stored in the _ and _ lobes

A

temporal
frontal

105
Q
  • area plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, and blending several different inputs into an understanding of the whole situation
  • Within this area is the speech area, located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
A

Posterior Cortex

106
Q

Cerebral areas involved in what special senses

A
  1. gustatory area - taste
  2. visual area
  3. auditory area - hear
  4. olfactory area - smell
107
Q

what part of brain

language, touch

A

parietal lobe

108
Q

what part of brain

thinking, memory, behavior, movement

A

frontal lobe

109
Q

what part of brain

hearing, learning, feelings

A

temporal lobe

110
Q

what part of brain

sight

A

occipital lobe

111
Q

what part of brain

breathing, heart rate and temperature

A

brain stem

112
Q

what part of brain

balance and coordination

A

cerebellum

113
Q

5 layers of cerebrum

A
  1. cortex ( gray matter )
  2. fissure (deep sulcus)
  3. gyrus (umbok)
  4. sulcus (guhit, deep)
  5. white matter
114
Q
  • Outer layer
  • Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
  • composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to, from, or within the cortex
A

Gray matter/ cortex

115
Q

example of fiber tracts carrying impulses

A

commissures

116
Q

arches above the structures of the brain stem and allows the cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another

A

corpus callosum

117
Q

connect areas within a hemisphere, and projection fiber tracts connect the cerebrum with lower CNS centers (the brain stem)

A

Association fiber tracts

118
Q

– internal
islands of gray matter

A

Basal nuclei

119
Q

Regulates voluntary motor activities by modifying info sent to the motor cortex

A

Basal nuclei

120
Q

problem associated to Basal nuclei

A

unable
to control muscles,
spastic, jerky

121
Q

genetic diseases caused in basal nuclei

A

Huntington’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

122
Q
  • Sits on top of the brain stem
  • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
A

Diencephalon

123
Q

3 parts Diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
124
Q
  • Surrounds the third ventricle
  • relay station for sensory impulses
  • Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
A

Thalamus

125
Q
  • Under the thalamus
  • impt ANS center
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Controls water balance
  • Regulates metabolism
A

Hypothalamus

126
Q

important part of the limbic system (emotions)

A

Hypothalamus

thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers

127
Q

is attached to the
hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

128
Q

reflex centers involved in olfaction (smell), bulge from the floor of the hypothalamus posterior to the pituitary gland

A

mammillary bodies

bulge - mukhang mammary gland

129
Q
  • Forms the roof of the third ventricle
  • Houses the pineal body
  • Includes the _ – knots of capillaries within each of the four ventricles and along with the ependymal cells lining the ventricles, form the cerebrospinal fluid.
A

epithalamus

choroid plexus

130
Q
  • about the size of a thumb in diameter and approximately 3 inches
  • Provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts,
  • has many small gray matter areas
A

Brain Stem

131
Q

structure of Brain Stem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
132
Q
  • extends from the mammillary bodies (floor of hypothalamus) to the pons inferiorly
  • Composed of primarily of two bulging fiber tracts, the cerebral peduncles
A

Midbrain

133
Q

a tiny canal that travels through the midbrain, connects the 3rd ventricle of the diencephalon (thalamus) to the 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

134
Q

four rounded protrusions located dorsally that serves as the reflex centers involved with vision and hearing

A

Corpora quadrigemina

135
Q
  • The bulging center part of the brain stem
  • Mostly composed of fiber tracts
  • Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
A

Pons

136
Q
  • most inferior part of the brain stem
  • merges into the spinal cord
  • Includes important fiber tract area
  • Includes area where the important pyramidal tracts (motor fibers) cross over to the opposite side
  • centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
  • fourth ventricle lies posterior to the pons and medulla, and anterior to the cerebellum
A

Medulla Oblongata

137
Q

diffuse mass of gray matter that extends to the entire length of the brain stem that involves in motor control of the visceral organ

A

Reticular Formation

138
Q
  • plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycle
A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

139
Q
  • also acts as a filter for the flood of sensory inputs that streams up the spinal cord and brain stem daily
A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

140
Q

two hemispheres with convoluted surface that provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance

A

Cerebellum

141
Q

continuously comparing the brain’s “intentions” with actual body performance by monitoring body position and the amount of tension in various body parts

A

Cerebellum

When needed, the cerebellum sends messages to initiate the appropriate corrective measures

142
Q

5 Protection of the Central Nervous System

A
  1. scalp and skin
  2. skull and vertebral column
  3. meninges
  4. cerebrospinal fluid
  5. blood brain barrier
143
Q

_ are three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

144
Q
  • Double-layered external covering of meninges
  • Folds inward in several areas
A

Dura mater

145
Q

Meninges 3 layers

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
146
Q

layer of dura mater attached to surface of the
skull

A

periosteum

147
Q

dura mater layer of outer covering of the brain

A

Meningeal layer

148
Q

layer of meninges
* Middle layer
* Web-like

A

Arachnoid layer

149
Q

layer of meninges
* internal layer
* Clings to the surface of the brain

A

Pia mater

150
Q

A watery “broth” with components similar to blood plasma, from which it forms. However, it contains less protein and more vitamin C, and its ion composition is different

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

151
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid is formed by

A

choroid plexus

152
Q
  • Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
  • Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central
    canal of the spinal cord
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

153
Q
  • Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
  • Excludes many potentially harmful substances
A

Blood Brain Barrier

154
Q

Blood Brain Barrier is useless against some substances

5

A

Fats and fat soluble molecules
 Respiratory gases
Alcohol
 Nicotine
Anesthesia

155
Q

Traumatic Brain Injuries

A
  1. concussion
  2. contusion
  3. cerebral edema
156
Q

Slight brain injury
 No permanent brain damage

A

concussion

157
Q

 Nervous tissue destruction occurs
 Nervous tissue does not regenerate

A

contusion

158
Q

Swelling from the inflammatory response
 May compress and kill brain tissue

A

cerebral edema

159
Q
  • Commonly called a stroke
  • result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
  • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
  • Loss of some functions or death may result
A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

160
Q

a one-sided paralysis

A

Hemiplegia

161
Q

damage to the left cerebral hemisphere, where the language areas are located

A

Aphasias

162
Q

loss of the ability
to speak

A

Motor Aphasias

163
Q

loses the ability
to understand written or spoken language

A

sensory aphasia

164
Q

can also cause marked changes
in a person’s disposition

A

Brain lesions

165
Q
  • glistening white continuation of the brain stem
  • Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain, and it is a major reflex center
  • Enclosed within the vertebral column, the _ extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first/second lumbar vertebra
  • cushioned and protected by meninges
A

spinal cord

166
Q

In humans, _ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit from the vertebral column to serve the body area close by

A

31

167
Q

The spinal cord is about the size of a thumb for most of its length, but it is enlarged in the _
regions where the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs arise and leave the cord

A

cervical and lumbar

168
Q

collection of the spinal nerve

A

Cauda equine

169
Q

spinal cord

conduction tracts

A

Exterior white mater –

170
Q

spinal cord

mostly cell bodies

A

Internal gray matter

171
Q

horns of Internal gray matter of the spinal cord

A

 Dorsal (posterior) horns
 Anterior (ventral) horns

172
Q

Central canal is filled with _

A

cerebrospinal fluid

173
Q

_ cover the spinal cord

A

Meninges

174
Q

Nerves leave at the level of each _

A

vertebrae

175
Q

White matter of the spinal cord is composed of
_

A

myelinated fiber tracts

176
Q

3 regions of white matter in spinal cord

A
  1. dorsal column
  2. lateral column
  3. ventral column
177
Q
  • All tracts in the dorsal columns are _ that carry sensory input to the brain.
  • The lateral and ventral columns contain _
A

ascending tracts

both ascending and
descending (motor) tracts

178
Q

is a bundle of neuron fibers

A

Nerve

179
Q

in neuron

Each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheats called an _

A

endoneurium

180
Q

Neurons

Groups of fibers are bound by a coarser connective tissue wrapping, the _ to form fiber bundles, or fascicles

A

perineurium

181
Q

all the fascicles are bound together by a tough fibrous sheath, the _, to form the cordlike nerve

A

epineurium

182
Q

Classification of Nerves

A
  1. mixed nerves
  2. afferent nerves/ sensory
  3. efferent nerves/ motor
183
Q

nerves

both
sensory and motor
fibers

A

Mixed nerves

184
Q

The _ of cranial nerves primarily serve
the head and neck

A

12 pairs

185
Q

Only one pair (of cranial nerves, which is)_ extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

the vagus nerves

186
Q

12 cranial nerves

OL
OP
OC
TRO
TRI
AB
F
VE
G
VA
AC
H

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. accessory
  12. hypoglossal
187
Q

The 31 pairs of human spinal nerves are formed by the joining of the ventral and dorsal
roots of the spinal cord.

Divided into:

A

dorsal ramus and ventral
ramus

188
Q

The smaller (spinal nerve) _ serve the skin and muscles of the posterior body trunk

A

Dorsal rami

189
Q

The ventral rami of spinal nerves T1 through T12 form the _ , which supply the muscles between the ribs and the skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk

A

intercostal nerves

190
Q

The ventral rami of all other spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves called _ , which serve the motor and sensory needs of the limbs

A

plexuses

191
Q
  • is the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls body activities automatically
  • Stabilized internal environment
A

Autonomic Nervous System

192
Q

chain of two motor neurons of ANS

A
  1. preganglionic neuron
  2. postganglionic axon
193
Q
  • “fight-or-flight”
  • Response to unusual stimulus
  • Takes over to increase activities
A

Sympathetic

194
Q

Sympathetic actions

A
  • exercise,
  • excitement,
  • emergency,
  • embarrassment
195
Q
  • housekeeping activites
  • Conserves energy
  • Maintains daily necessary body functions
A

Parasympathetic

196
Q

Parasympathetic actions

A
  • digestion,
  • defecation
  • diuresis
197
Q
  • The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in brain nuclei of several cranial nerves—III, VII, IX, and X (the vagus being the most important of these) and in the S2 through S4 levels of the spinal cord
  • Parasympathetic NS aka
A

craniosacral division

198
Q
  • preganglionic neurons are in the gray matter of the spinal cord from T1 through L2
  • Sympathetic NS also called the _
A

thoracolumbar division

199
Q
  • _ neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years
  • The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult
  • we can always grow dendrites
A

No more

200
Q

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration), memory loss (particularly for recent events), a short attention span and disorientation, and eventual language loss

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

201
Q

is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine (ACh) and structural changes in the brain

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

202
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Microscopic examinations of brain tissue reveal _ (aggregations of beta-amyloid peptide) littering the brain like shrapnel between the neurons

A

senile plaques

203
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Another line of research has implicated a protein called _ , which appears to bind microtubule “tracks” together, much like railroad ties

A

tau

204
Q

 basal nuclei problem
 It results from degeneration of specific neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain, which normally supply dopamine to the basal nuclei.
 Afflicted individuals have a persistent tremor at rest

A

Parkinson’s Disease

205
Q

 Genetic disease that strikes during middle age leads to massive degeneration of the
basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.
 Its initial symptoms are wild, jerky, and almost continuous flapping movements called _
(Greek for “dance”)

A

Huntington’s Disease

chorea

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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