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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 8 Blood > Flashcards

8 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

only fluid tissue in the human body

A

Blood

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2
Q

Blood is classified as a _ tissue

A

connective

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3
Q

connective tissue of blood

A
  1. living cells - formed elements 45%
  2. non-living matrix - plasma 55%
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4
Q

plasma contains

A

1. water
2. salts (electrolytes)
* sodium
* potassium
* calcium
* magnesium
* chloride
* bicarbonate
3. plasma proteins
* albumin
* fibrinogen
* globulins
4. substances transported by blood
* nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids)
* waste of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
* respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
* hormones

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5
Q

plasma constituent

solvent for carrying other substances

A

water

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6
Q

plasma constituent

osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability

A

salts (electrolytes)
* sodium
* potassium
* calcium
* magnesium
* chloride
* bicarbonate

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7
Q

plasma constituent

osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting of blood, defense (antibodies), and lipid transport

A

plasma proteins
* albumin
* fibrinogen
* globulins

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8
Q

formed elements (living matrix) constituents

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
basophil
eosinophil
lymphocyte
neutrophil
platelets
monocyte

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9
Q

formed element constituent

transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

A

erythrocyte RBC

4-6 million per mm3 of blood

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10
Q

formed element constituent

defense and immunity

A

leukocytes WBC
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
monocyte

4,000-11,000 per mm3 of blood

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11
Q

formed element constituent

blood clotting

A

platelets

250,000-500,000 per mm3 of blood

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12
Q

Physical Characteristics of Blood
Color?
pH?
Temperature?

A
  1. color range
    * oxygen-rich blood - scarlet red
    * oxygen-poor blood - dull red
  2. pH
    * 7.35-7.45
  3. blood temperature
    * slightly higher than body temp
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13
Q

Blood Plasma

  • Composed of approximately _ percent water
  • examples of dissolved substances
A

90

nutrients
salts (metal ions)
respiratory gases
hormones
proteins
waste products

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14
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

Albumin
clotting proteins
antibodies

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15
Q

plasma proteins

regulates osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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16
Q

plasma proteins

help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

clotting proteins

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17
Q

plasma proteins

help protect the body from
antigens

A

antibodies

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18
Q

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

  • The main function is to carry oxygen
  • Outnumber white blood cells _
A

1000:1

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19
Q

Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
disk?
bag?
nucleus?
organelles?

A
  • Biconcave disks
  • Essentially bags of hemoglobin
  • Anucleate (no nucleus)
  • Contain very few organelles
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

  • Iron-containing protein
  • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
  • Each hemoglobin molecule has _ oxygen binding sites
  • Each erythrocyte has _ hemoglobin molecules
A

four

250 million

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21
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

  • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
  • These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
  • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (_)
  • Can move by _
  • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
A

diapedesis

ameboid motion

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22
Q

Leukocyte Levels in the Blood

A

Normal levels are between 4,000 and
11,000 cells per millimeter

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23
Q
  • Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
  • Generally indicates an infection
A

Leukocytosis

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24
Q
  • Abnormally low leukocyte level
  • Commonly caused by certain drugs
A

Leukopenia

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25
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes
  2. agranulocytes
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26
Q

Leukocytes

granulocytes includes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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27
Q

Leukocytes

Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained

A

granulocytes

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28
Q

Leukocytes

Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules

A

agranulocytes

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29
Q

Leukocytes

agranulocytes include

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
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30
Q

Granulocytes

  • Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
  • Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
A

Neutrophils

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31
Q

Granulocytes

  • Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
  • Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms
A

Eosinophils

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32
Q

Granulocytes

  • Have histamine-containing granules
  • Initiate inflammation
A

Basophils

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33
Q

Agranulocytes

  • Nucleus fills most of the cell
  • Play an important role in the immune response
A

Lymphocytes

34
Q

Agranulocytes

  • Largest of the white blood cells
  • Function as macrophages
  • Important in fighting chronic infection
A

Monocytes

35
Q
  • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
  • Needed for the clotting process
A

Platelets

36
Q

Normal platelet count

A

300,000/mm3

37
Q

Blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis

38
Q

Hematopoiesis Occurs in

A

red bone marrow

39
Q

All blood cells are derived from a
common _ (hemocytoblast)

A

stem cell

40
Q

Hemocytoblast differentiation

what produces other formed
elements

A

Myeloid stem cell

41
Q

Hemocytoblast differentiation

what produces lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid stem cell

42
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes

Unable to _

A

divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins

43
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes

Wear out in _

A

100 to 120 days

44
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes

When worn out, are eliminated by
phagocytes in the _

A

spleen or liver

45
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes

Lost cells are replaced by division of _

A

hemocytoblasts

46
Q

Control of Erythrocyte Production

Rate is controlled by a hormone
(_)

A

erythropoietin

47
Q

Control of Erythrocyte Production

_ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

A

Kidneys

48
Q

Control of Erythrocyte Production

Homeostasis is maintained by negative
feedback from _ levels

A

blood oxygen

kapag nasense na mataas ang blood oxygen level, para mabalance magstop ang production ng RBC

49
Q

Stoppage of blood flow

A

Hemostasis

50
Q

Result of a break in a blood vessel

A

Hemostasis

51
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A
  1. Platelet plug formation
  2. Vascular spasms
  3. Coagulation
52
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

  1. Collagen fibers are exposed by a _ in a blood vessel
  2. Platelets become “sticky” and _ to fibers
  3. _ release chemicals to attract more platelets
  4. Platelets _ to form a platelet plug
A
  1. break
  2. cling
  3. anchored platelets
  4. pile up
53
Q

Vascular Spasms

  1. Anchored platelets release serotonin
  2. Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to _
  3. Spasms _ the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
A
  1. spasm
  2. narrow
54
Q

Coagulation

  1. Injured tissues release _
  2. _ (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
  3. _ converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
  4. Thrombin joins _ proteins into hair-like fibrin
  5. Fibrin forms a _ (the basis for a clot)
A
  1. thromboplastin
  2. PF3
  3. Prothrombin activator
  4. fibrinogen
  5. meshwork
55
Q

Blood Clotting

  1. Blood usually clots within _ minutes
  2. The clot remains as _ regenerates
  3. The clot is broken down after _
    repair
A
  1. 3 to 6
  2. endothelium
  3. tissue
56
Q

Undesirable Clotting

  • A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
  • Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
A

Embolus

57
Q

Undesirable Clotting

  • A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
  • Can be deadly in areas like the heart
A

Thrombus

58
Q

Bleeding Disorders

  • Platelet deficiency
  • Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
A

Thrombocytopenia

59
Q

Bleeding Disorders

  • Hereditary bleeding disorder
  • Normal clotting factors are missing
A

Hemophilia

60
Q

Loss of _ percent causes shock, which can be fatal

Large losses of blood have serious consequences

A

over 30

61
Q

Loss of _ percent causes weakness

Large losses of blood have serious consequences

A

15 to 30

62
Q

_ are the only way to replace blood quickly

A

Transfusions

63
Q

Transfused blood must be of the _ blood group

A

same

64
Q

Human Blood Groups

Blood contains _ determined proteins

A

genetically

65
Q

Human Blood Groups

A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the _

A

immune system

66
Q

Human Blood Groups

Blood is “typed” by using _ that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

A

antibodies

67
Q

Human Blood Groups

A
68
Q

Human Blood Groups

There are over 30 common _ antigens

A

red blood
cell

69
Q

Human Blood Groups

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _ blood group antigens

A

ABO and Rh

70
Q
  • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens
  • The presence of either A or B is called
A

Type A
Type B

71
Q

The lack of these antigens is called _

A

type O

72
Q

The presence of both A and B is called

A

type AB

73
Q

Named because of the presence or
absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(agglutinogen D)

A

Rh Blood Groups

74
Q

Most Americans are _

A

Rh+

75
Q

Problems can occur in mixing _ blood
into a body with _ blood

A

Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood
into a body with Rh– blood

76
Q

Danger is only when the mother is _ and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the _ factor

A

Rh–
Rh+

77
Q

Rh Dangers During Pregnancy

The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
1. The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems
2. The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy
3. In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces _ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

A

antibodies to attack the Rh+

78
Q

Blood Typing

  • Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
  • _ leads to determining blood type
  • Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
  • _ – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
A

Coagulation or no coagulation

Cross matching

79
Q

Developmental Aspects of Blood

Sites of blood cell formation
* The _ are early sites of blood cell formation
* Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the _

A

fetal liver and spleen

seventh month

80
Q

Developmental Aspects of Blood

Fetal hemoglobin _ from hemoglobin produced after birth

A

differs

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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