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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 3 Skeletal System > Flashcards

3 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

5 Parts of the skeletal system

A
  1. Bones (skeleton)
  2. Joints
  3. Cartilages
  4. Ligaments (bone to bone)
  5. tendon (bone to muscle
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2
Q

two divisions of skeletal system

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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3
Q

3 parts of axial skeleton

A
  1. bones of the skull/ skull
  2. vertebral column
  3. rib cage/ bony thorax
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4
Q

3 parts of appendicular skeleton

A
  1. bones of the upper and lower limbs/ limbs (appendages)
  2. shoulder/ pectoral girdle
  3. hip/ pelvic girdle
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5
Q

functions of bones

A
  • support of the body
  • protection of soft organs
  • movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • storage of minerals and fats
  • blood cell formation
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6
Q

adult skeleton how many bones

A

206 bones

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7
Q

basic types of bone tissue

A
  1. compact bone
  2. spongy bone
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8
Q

homogeneous type of bone tissue

A

compact bone

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9
Q

type of bone tissue that is small needle-like pieces of bone and have many open spaces

A

spongy bone

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10
Q

classification of bones on the basis of shape

A
  1. long bone
  2. short bones
  3. flat bone
  4. irregular bone
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11
Q

classification of bones

  • typically longer than wide
  • have a shaft with heads at both ends
  • contain mostly compact bone
A

long bones

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12
Q

classification of bones

  • generally cube-shape
  • contain mostly spongy bone
A

short bones

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13
Q

classification of bones

  • thin and flattened
  • usually curved
  • thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
A

flat bones

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14
Q

classification of bones

  • irregular shape
  • do not fit into other classification categories
A

irregular bones

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15
Q

examples of irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae
  • hip/ pelvic
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16
Q

examples of long bones

A
  • femur
  • humerus
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17
Q

examples of short bones

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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18
Q

examples of flat bones

A
  • skull
  • ribs
  • sternum
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19
Q

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone into two

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
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20
Q

anatomy of a long bone

  • shaft (middle)
  • composed of compact bone
A

diaphysis

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21
Q

anatomy of a long bone

  • ends of the bone
  • composed mostly of spongy bone
A

epiphysis

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22
Q

5 structures found in a long bone

A
  1. periosteum
  2. sharpey’s fibers
  3. arteries
  4. articular cartilage
  5. medullary cavity
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23
Q

structures in a long bone

  • cavity of the shaft
  • contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infacnts
A

medullary cavity

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24
Q

structures in a long bone

  • covers the external surface of the epiphyses
  • made of hyaline cartilage
  • decreases friction at joint surfaces
A

articular cartilage

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25
Q

structures in a long bone

  • supply bone cells with nutrients
A

arteries

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26
Q

structures in a long bone

  • secure periosteum to underlying bone
A

sharpey’s fibers

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27
Q

structures in a long bone

  • outside covering of the diaphysis
  • fibrous connective tissue membrane
A

periosteum

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28
Q
  • surface features of bones
  • sites of attachements for muscles, tendons and ligaments
  • passages for nerves and blood vessels
A

Bone Markings

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29
Q

categories of bone markings

A
  1. projections and processes - grow out from the bone surface
  2. depressions or cavities - indentations
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30
Q

Changes in the Human Skeleton

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily _

A

hyaline cartilage

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31
Q

Changes in the Human Skeleton

During development (from infancy to growth), much of this cartilage is replaced by _

A

bone

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32
Q

Changes in the Human Skeleton

Cartilage remains in these isolated areas

A
  1. bridge of the nose
  2. parts of ribs
  3. joints
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33
Q

Bone Growth

  1. _ allow for growth of long bone during childhood
    * New cartilage is _
    * Older cartilage becomes _
    * Cartilage is broken down
    * Bone replaces cartilage
A
  1. Epiphyseal plates
    * continuously formed
    * ossified

ossify - becomes hard; changes into bone

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34
Q

Bone Growth

  1. Bones are _ until growth stops
    * Bones change shape somewhat
    * Bones grow in width
A

remodeled and lengthened

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35
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

Osteocytes are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called _

A

lacunae

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36
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central canals (also called _).

A

Haversian canals

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37
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an _ , and is the structural and functional unit of compact bone.

A

osteon, or Haversian system

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38
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

The _ form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix

A

canaliculi

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39
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

_ are channels that assist with blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal

A

Volkmann’s canals

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40
Q

Bone Formation

Bone ossification is the formation of new bone, which begins as an embryo and continues until early adulthood. It can occur in two ways; through _ or _.

A

intramembranous or endochondral ossification

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41
Q

Bone Formation

begins between the _ weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age _

A

sixth and seventh

twenty-five

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42
Q

Bone Formation

  • Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis
  • cells called _ in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the medullary cavity
A

osteoclasts

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43
Q

Bone Formation

This process by which bones increase in diameter is called _, and like growth in length, is controlled by hormones.

A

appositional growth

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44
Q

Bone Formation

The most important hormones are _ and, during puberty, the _.

A

growth hormone
sex hormones

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45
Q

3 Types of Bone Cells

A
  1. osteocytes
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteoclasts
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46
Q

Types of Bone Cells

  • mature bone cells
A

osteocytes

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47
Q

Types of Bone Cells

  • bone-forming cells
A

osteoblasts

48
Q

Types of Bone Cells

  • bone-destroying cells
  • break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
A

osteoclasts

49
Q

Bone Remodeling

process of skeletal change is known as _, which both protects the structural integrity of the skeletal system and metabolically contributes to the body’s balance of calcium and phosphorus

A

bone remodeling

50
Q

Bone Remodeling

Remodeling entails the _ of old or damaged bone, followed by the deposition of new bone material

A

resorption

51
Q

A break in a bone

A

Bone Fractures

52
Q

2 Types of bone fractures

A
  1. Closed (simple) fracture
  2. Open (compound) fracture
53
Q

Types of bone fractures

– break that does not
penetrate the skin

A

Closed (simple) fracture

54
Q

Types of bone fractures

broken bone
penetrates through the skin

A

Open (compound) fracture

55
Q

Bone fractures are treated by _
and _

A

reduction and immobilization

Realignment of the bone

56
Q

Repair of Bone Fractures

what is formed during (repair of) bone fractures

A

hematoma (blood-filled swelling)

57
Q

Repair of Bone Fractures

Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a _

A

callus

58
Q

Repair of Bone Fractures

Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a _

A

bony callus

59
Q

Repair of Bone Fractures

Bony callus is remodeled to form a _

A

permanent patch

60
Q

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodelling
61
Q

2 sets of bones in the skull

A
  1. cranium
  2. facial bones
62
Q

The Skull

Bones are joined by _

A

sutures

63
Q

The Skull

Only the _ is attached by a freely movable joint

A

mandible

64
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal Sinuses

65
Q

2 Functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. lighten the skull
  2. give resonance and amplification to voice
66
Q
  • The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone
  • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
A

hyoid bone

67
Q

The fetal skull is _ compared to the infants total body length

A

large

68
Q

Fetal Skull

fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

A

Fontanelles

69
Q

Fetal Skull

Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth

A

Fontanelles

70
Q

Fetal Skull

Allow the brain
to grow

A

Fontanelles

71
Q

The Vertebral Column

Vertebrae
separated by _

A

intervertebral discs

72
Q

The Vertebral Column

The spine has a
normal _

A

curvature

73
Q

The Vertebral Column

Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its _

A

location

74
Q

Forms a cage to protect major organs

A

Bony Thorax

75
Q

3 parts of Bony Thorax

A
  1. sternum
  2. ribs
  3. thoracic vertebrae
76
Q

2 bones of Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle

A
  1. clavicle - collarbone
  2. scapula - shoulder blade
77
Q

These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

A
  1. Pectoral Girdle
    * clavicle
    * scapula
78
Q

Bones of the Upper Limb

The arm is formed by a single bone

A

humerus

79
Q

Bones of the Upper Limb

The forearm
has two bones

A
  1. ulna
  2. radius
80
Q

Bones of the Upper LImb

3 in the hand

A
  1. carpals - wrist
  2. metacarpals - palm
  3. phalanges - fingers
81
Q

3 pair of fused bones of Pelvic Girdle

A
  1. Illium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubic bone
82
Q

The total weight of the upper body rests on the _

A

pelvis

83
Q

Function of Pelvic Girdle

A

Protects several organs
* Reproductive organs
* Urinary bladder
* Part of the large intestine

84
Q

pubic arch of gender differences of the pelvis

A

Male: less than 90 degrees
Female: more than 90 degrees

85
Q

Bones of the Lower Limbs

The thigh has
one bone

A

Femur – thigh
bone

86
Q

Bones of the Lower Limbs

The leg has
two bones

A
  1. tibia
  2. fibula
87
Q

Bones of the Lower Limbs

3 bones in the foot

A
  1. talus (ankle)
  2. metatarsals
  3. Phalanges - toes
88
Q

Articulations of bones

A

Joints

89
Q

Functions of joints

A

 Hold bones together
 Allow for mobility

90
Q

Ways joints are classified

A

 Functionally
 Structurally

91
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
92
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

immovable joints

A

synarthroses

93
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

slightly moveable joints

A

amphiarthroses

94
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

freely moveable joints

A

diarthroses

95
Q

3 Structural Classification of Joints

A
  1. fibrous joints
  2. cartilaginous joints
  3. synovial joints
96
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely/ generally immovable

A

fibrous joints

97
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

  • immovable or slightly moveable/ amphiarthroses
  • bones connected by cartilage
A

cartilaginous joints

98
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

  • freely moveable/ diarthroses
  • articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
  • synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
A

synovial joints

99
Q

examples of cartilaginous joints

A
  • pubic symphysis
  • intervertebral joints
100
Q

example of synovial joints

A
  • in humerus - articular cartilage and articular capsule
  • in carpals -articular capsule
  • in tibia and fibula - fibrous connective tissue
101
Q

Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) _ of bones

A

covers the ends

102
Q

Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses

Joint surfaces are enclosed by a _

A

fibrous
articular capsule

103
Q

Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses

Have a joint cavity filled with _

A

synovial
fluid

104
Q

Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses

_ reinforce the joint

A

Ligaments

105
Q

Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint

A
  1. bursae
  2. tendon sheath
106
Q

Structures Associated with the

Synovial Joint

  • flattened fibrous sacs
  • Lined with synovial membranes
  • Filled with synovial fluid
  • Not actually part of the joint
A

bursae

107
Q

Structures Associated with the

Synovial Joint

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

A

tendon sheath

108
Q

6 Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape

A
  1. Plane joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Pivot joint
  4. Condyloid joint
  5. Saddle Joint
  6. Ball-and-socket joint
109
Q

Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints

A
  1. bursitis
  2. tendonitis
  3. arthritis
110
Q

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

A

bursitis

111
Q

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

inflammation of tendon sheaths

A

tendonitis

112
Q

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

  • inflammatory or degenerative diaseases of joints
  • over 100 different types
  • most widespread crippling disease in US
A

arthritis

113
Q

2 Clinical Forms of Arthritis

A
  1. osteoarthritis
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
114
Q

Clinical Forms of Arthritis

  • most common chronic arthritis
  • probably related to normal aging processes
  • cartilages worn out and synovial fluid increases, thus joint feels stiff and sore
A

osteoarthritis

115
Q

Clinical Forms of Arthritis

  • auto-immune disease - the immune system attackes the joints
  • symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
  • often leads to deformities
A

rheumatoid arthritis

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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