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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 11 Respiratory System > Flashcards

11 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Respiratory System

  1. Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment
  2. Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _ (only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways
  3. Passageways to the lungs _ the incoming air
  4. Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system
A
  1. alveoli
  2. purify, warm, and humidify
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2
Q

Organs of the Respiratory system

A
  1. nose
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. lungs - alveoli
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3
Q

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

Olfactory receptors are located in the
_ on the superior surface

A

mucosa

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4
Q

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa for _

A
  • moistens air
  • traps incoming foreign particles
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5
Q

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

Lateral walls have projections called
_
* Increases surface area
* Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

A

conchae

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6
Q

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is separated from the
oral cavity by the palate

2 palate present?

A
  • Anterior hard palate (bone)
  • Posterior soft palate (muscle)
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7
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity

what bones?

A
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Sphenoid bone
  3. Ethmoid bone
  4. Maxillary bone
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8
Q

Function of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Lighten the skull
  2. Act as resonance chambers for speech
  3. Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
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9
Q

other term for throat

A

pharynx

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10
Q

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx

A

pharynx

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11
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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12
Q

Regions of the pharynx

superior region behind
nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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13
Q

Regions of the pharynx

middle region behind mouth

A

Oropharynx

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14
Q

Regions of the pharynx

inferior region attached
to larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Regions of the pharynx

The _ are common passageways for air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Structures of the Pharynx

Auditory tubes enter the _

A

nasopharynx

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17
Q

Structures of the Pharynx

Tonsils of the pharynx
* _ (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
* _ in the oropharynx
* _ at the base of the tongue

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsils
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18
Q

other term for larynx

A

voice box

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19
Q

Routes air and food into proper
channels

A

Larynx (Voice Box)

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20
Q

Plays a role in speech

A

Larynx (Voice Box)

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21
Q

Larynx (Voice Box) is made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (_)

A

epiglottis

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22
Q

Structures of the Larynx

  • Largest hyaline cartilage
  • Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
A

Thyroid cartilage

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23
Q

Structures of the Larynx

  • Superior opening of the larynx
  • Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
A

Epiglottis

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24
Q

Structures of the Larynx

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)

A

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

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25
Q

Structures of the Larynx

opening between vocal cords

A

Glottis

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26
Q

Connects larynx with bronchi

A

Trachea (Windpipe)

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27
Q

Trachea (Windpipe) Lined with _
* Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
* Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

A

ciliated mucosa

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28
Q

Trachea (Windpipe)
Walls are reinforced with _
hyaline cartilage

A

C-shaped

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29
Q

Formed by division of the trachea

A

Primary Bronchi

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30
Q

Primary Bronchi Enters the lung at the _

A

hilus
(medial depression)

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31
Q

_ bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than _

A

Right
left

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32
Q

Bronchi subdivide into _ branches

A

smaller
and smaller

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33
Q

Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

A

Lungs

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34
Q

Lungs

  • Apex is near the _ (superior portion)
  • Base rests on the _ (inferior portion)
A

clavicle
diaphragm

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35
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
* Left lung –
* Right lung –

A
  • Left lung – two lobes
  • Right lung – three lobes
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36
Q

Coverings of the Lungs

_ covers the
lung surface

A

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

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37
Q

Coverings of the Lungs

_ lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

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38
Q

Coverings of the Lungs

_ fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding

A

Pleural fluid

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39
Q

Respiratory Tree Divisions

A
  1. Primary bronchi
  2. Secondary bronchi
  3. Tertiary bronchi
  4. Bronchioli
  5. Terminal bronchioli
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40
Q

Smallest
branches of
the bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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41
Q

Bronchioles

All but the _
branches have
reinforcing cartilage

A

smallest

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42
Q

Terminal
bronchioles end
in _

A

alveoli

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43
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory Zone

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44
Q

Respiratory Zone structures

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioli
  2. Alveolar duct
  3. Alveoli
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45
Q

Structure of alveoli

A
  1. Alveolar duct
  2. Alveolar sac
  3. Alveolus
  4. Gas exchange
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46
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Air-Blood Barrier

47
Q

Thin squamous epithelial layer lining
alveolar walls

A

Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)

48
Q

Respiratory Membrane

(Air-Blood Barrier)

_ cover external
surfaces of alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillaries

49
Q

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane
by _

A

diffusion

50
Q

Gas Exchange

  • Oxygen enters the _
  • Carbon dioxide enters the _
A

blood
alveoli

51
Q

Gas Exchange

_ add protection

A

Macrophages

52
Q

Gas Exchange

_ coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces

A

Surfactant

53
Q

Events of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
54
Q

Events of Respiration

moving air in and
out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

55
Q

Events of Respiration

gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli

A

External respiration

56
Q

Events of Respiration

transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide via the
bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport

57
Q

Events of Respiration

gas exchange
between blood and tissue cells in
systemic capillaries

A

Internal respiration

58
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Completely _ process

A

mechanical

59
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Depends on _ in the
thoracic cavity

A

volume changes

60
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Volume changes lead to pressure
changes, which lead to the flow of
gases to _

A

equalize pressure

61
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Two phases

A
  1. inspiration
  2. expiration
62
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

flow of air into lung

A

inspiration

63
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

air leaving lung

A

expiration

64
Q

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract

A

Inspiration

65
Q

The size of the thoracic cavity increases

A

Inspiration

66
Q

Inspiration

External air is pulled into the lungs due to
an increase in _

A

intrapulmonary volume

67
Q

Largely a passive process which depends
on natural lung elasticity

A

Exhalation

68
Q

As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the
lungs

A

Exhalation

69
Q

Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the _

A

rib cage

70
Q

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions

A

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

71
Q

Nonrespiratory Air Movements
examples

A
  1. Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
  2. Laughing
  3. Crying
  4. Yawn
  5. Hiccup
72
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Normal breathing moves about _ of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])

A

500 ml

73
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Many factors that affect respiratory capacity

A
  1. A person’s size
  2. Sex
  3. Age
  4. Physical condition
74
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about _ of air remains in the lungs

A

1200 ml

75
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
* Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
* Usually between _

A

2100 and 3200 ml

76
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
* Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
* Approximately _

A

1200 ml

77
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

_
* Air remaining in lung after expiration
* About 1200 ml

A

Residual volume

78
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

The total amount of exchangeable air

A

Vital capacity

79
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Vital capacity =

A

Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

80
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

  • Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
  • About 150 ml
A

Dead space volume

81
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

  • Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
  • Usually about 350 ml
A

Functional volume

82
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Respiratory capacities are measured
with a _

A

spirometer

83
Q

Sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope

A

Respiratory Sounds

84
Q

Respiratory Sounds

produced by air
rushing through trachea and bronchi

A

Bronchial sounds

85
Q

Respiratory Sounds

soft
sounds of air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

86
Q

External Respiration

Oxygen movement into the blood
* The alveoli always has _ oxygen than the blood
* Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of _
* _ gains oxygen

A
  • more
  • lower concentration
  • Pulmonary capillary blood
87
Q

External Respiration

Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood
* Blood returning from tissues has _ of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
* _ gives up carbon dioxide

A
  • higher concentrations
  • Pulmonary capillary blood
88
Q

External Respiration

Blood leaving the lungs is _
and _

A

oxygen-rich
carbon dioxide-poor

89
Q

Gas Transport in the Blood

Oxygen transport in the blood
* Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (_)
* A small amount carried is dissolved in the _

A
  • oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]
  • plasma
90
Q

Gas Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
* Most is transported in the plasma as _
* A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, _ than those of oxygen

A
  • bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
  • but at different binding sites
91
Q

Exchange of gases between blood and
body cells

A

Internal Respiration

92
Q

Internal Respiration

An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs
* _ diffuses out of tissue to blood
* _ diffuses from blood into tissue

A

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen

93
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the _

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

94
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Neural centers that control rate and depth are
located in the _

A

medulla

95
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

The _ appears to smooth out respiratory
rate

A

pons

96
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is _
respirations per minute

A

12–15

97
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

_ is increased respiratory rate often
due to extra oxygen needs

A

Hypernia

98
Q

Factors Influencing Respiratory
Rate and Depth

A
  1. physical factors
    * Increased body temperature
    * Exercise
    * Talking
    * Coughing
  2. volition - conscious control
  3. emotional factors
  4. chemical factors
    * carbon dioxide levels
    * oxygen levels
99
Q

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth

Chemical factors: CO2 Levels
* Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration
* Increased carbon dioxide _ respiration
* Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the _

A

increases
medulla oblongata

100
Q

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth

Chemical Factors: O2 Levels
* Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the _
* Information is sent to the **medulla oblongata
**

A

aorta and carotid artery

101
Q

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Exemplified by _
  • Major causes of death and disability in the United States
A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

102
Q

features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD

A
  • always have history of smoking
  • labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
  • coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
  • most victims retain CO2, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
  • those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
103
Q
  • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
  • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
  • Airways collapse during expiration
  • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
  • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
  • Cyanosis appears late in the disease
A

Emphysema

104
Q
  • Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed
  • Mucus production increases
  • Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange
  • Risk of lung infection increases
  • Pneumonia is common
  • Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early
A

Chronic Bronchitis

105
Q
  • Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States
  • Increased incidence associated with smoking

3 Types

A

Lung Cancer
* squamous cell carcinoma
* adenocarcinoma
* small cell carcinoma

106
Q
  • Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
  • Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center
  • One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities
A

Sudden Infant Death syndrome
(SIDS)

107
Q
  • Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
  • Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
A

Asthma

108
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

Lungs are filled with _ in the fetus

A

fluid

109
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

Lungs are not fully inflated with air until
_ after birth

A

two weeks

110
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until _ in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies

A

late

111
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

Important birth defects
* _ - oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
* _

A

Cystic fibrosis
Cleft palate

112
Q

Aging Effects

  • _ of lungs decreases
  • _ decreases
  • Blood _ levels decrease
  • _ of carbon dioxide decreases
  • More risks of respiratory tract infection
A

Elasticity
Vital capacity
oxygen
Stimulating effects

113
Q

Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life

  • Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per minute
  • Infants – _ respirations per minute
  • Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
  • Adults – _ respirations per minute
A

30
12 to 18

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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