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MSK - Midterm > 9/15 Embryonic Development Wks 1-3 - Dennis (Completed) > Flashcards

9/15 Embryonic Development Wks 1-3 - Dennis (Completed) Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate Oocyte from Sperm? 4

A

Sperm:
Highly motile
23X or 23Y
Small

Oocyte:
immotile
23X
Massive

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2
Q

When does a primary Oocyte mature into a secondary Oocyte? 5

A

Primary Oocytes mature after puberty once the follicle is matured

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3
Q

What state are secondary Oocytes suspended in prior to ovulation? 5

A

The secondary Oocyte begins it’s 2nd meitotic division, but stops at metaphase

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4
Q

How many primary Oocytes are present at birth? How many secondary Oocytes are actually ovulated? 5

A

2 million primary Oocytes at birth

400 secondary Oocytes actually ovulated

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5
Q

What cells surround the Oocyte and are responsible for folliculogenesis? 6

A

Granulosa cells

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6
Q

What granulosa cells are present within a follicle? 6

A

Cumulus oophorous

Mural granulosa cells

Corona Radiatia

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7
Q

What anchors the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle? 6

A

Cumulus oophorous granulosa cells

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8
Q

What lines the wall of the follicle? 6

A

Mural granulosa cells

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9
Q

What cell type is firmly anchored to the zone pellucida? 6

A

The corona radiata (granulosa cells)

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10
Q

What is the Zona pellucida? 6

A

a thick layer of glycoproteins that are deep to the corona radiata

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11
Q

From superficial to deep what are the layers/components of a secondary oocyte? 9

A

Corona radiata > Zona pellucida > perivitelline space > perivitelline membrane > PM of oocyte > cytoplasm of oocyte >

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12
Q

Where is the nucleus of a sperm found? 8

A

Head

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13
Q

What provides motility to the sperm? 8

A

Tail

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14
Q

What covers the head of the sperm? Describe it. 8

A

The acrosome

cap-like organelle containing enzymes

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15
Q

What is the role of the acrosome? 8

A

disperese the corona radiata (follicular cells)

penetrates the zona pellucida

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16
Q

What is the cortical reaction? 10

A

Reaction that takes place to allow sperm entrance into the PM/cell

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17
Q

Walk-through of cortical reaction. 10

A

cortical granules attach to microvilli at PM surface

reaction between cortical granules and water produces hydrogen peroxide (facilitated by Udx1)

envelope open, sperm gamete can enter

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18
Q

What does fertilization of an oocyte induce in the oocyte? 11

A

completion of meiosis II

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19
Q

What is a zygote? 11

A

when the female and male pronuclei fuse forming a diploid chromosome aggregation of 46 chromomsomes

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20
Q

What refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate during early cleavage? 12

A

Nondisjunction (a part of mosaicism)

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21
Q

What is one example of mosaicism? 12

A

trisomy 21

individual is referred to as a mosaic

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22
Q

What occurs 30 hours after fertilization? 13

A

blastomeres are produced (numerous, but small)

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23
Q

What happens at the 9 cell stage? 13

A

compaction

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24
Q

What happens at the 12-32 cell stage (day 4)? 13

A

developing human referred to as a morula

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25
Q

walk-through of Blastogenesis. 14

A

Blastocyst forms cavity in uterus

division into trophoblast and embryoblast layer

after 2 days zona pellucida degenerates and the blastocyst is “hatched”

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26
Q

What is contained within a blastocyst? 14

A

the embryo and its membranes

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27
Q

What’s occuring cryopreservation of Embryos? 18

A

early embryos preserved in liquid nitrogen

4-8 cell embryo/blastocyst transferred to uterus

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28
Q

Whats occuring during intracytoplasmic sperm injection? When would this be done? 18

A

sperm is injected straight into a mature oocyte

done when few sperm is available

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29
Q

What is occuring in assisted IVF? 18

A

several oocytes & sperms placed into uterine tubes laparoscopically

30
Q

Where does fertilization occur? 18

A

in the ampulla

31
Q

What are the causes of spontaneous abortion? 19

A

inadequate production of progesterone and estrogen from corpus luteum

chromosome abnormalities

32
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Where does it occur? 20

A

the blastocyst becomes implanted outside of the uterine cavity

oviduct
ampullary region

33
Q

What is the Syncytiotrophoblast? 21

A

multinucleated protoplasmic mass w/ no cell boundaries

forms the outer layer

34
Q

What is the function of the Syncytiotrophoblast? 21

A

produces digestive enzymes that erodes the endometrium allowing the blastocyst to burrow

35
Q

What is the Cytotrophoblast? What is its function? 21

A

The inner layer of the blastocyst (embryo)

produces chorionic villi

36
Q

What does the hypoblast give rise to? 22

A

an inner layer of cuboidal cells that gives rise to the endoderm

37
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to? 22

A

layer of columnar cells that gives rise to the embryo proper

38
Q

What gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta? 23

A

chorion

39
Q

What serves as a site for early blood cell and vessel formation? 23

A

yolk sac

40
Q

What thin layer of cells encloses the epiblast and holds the amniotic fluid and the embryo? 23

A

Amnion

41
Q

At what week does the amniotic cavity form? 24

A

2nd week

42
Q

How does the amnion form? 24

A

fluid collects between the epiblast and trophoblast cells

this causes the epiblast cells to expand toward the embryonic pole forming the amnion

43
Q

what’s the name of the cells that line the yolk sac? 25

A

Heuser’s membrane

44
Q

How does the primary yolk sac come to be? 25

A

cells from the hypoblast creep along the inner surface of the blastocyst cavity

45
Q

Once the primary yolk sac is formed, what is found between Heuser’s membrane and the cytotrophoblast? 25

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

46
Q

What gives rise to the extraembryonic mesoderm? 25

A

hypoblast & primary yolk sac

47
Q

What occurs at day 12? 26

A

primary yolk sac degenerates and migrating hypoblast cells forming a secondary yolk sac

48
Q

What is formed by the splitting of the extraembryonic mesoderm into two layers?

A

The chorionic cavity

49
Q

Why does the chorionic cavity need to be formed? 26

A

because it separates the embryo, amnion, and yolk sac from the outer wall of the blastocyst

50
Q

With the formation of the chorionic cavity what do we begin to referring to the outer wall of the blastocyst as? 26

A

referred to as the chorion

51
Q

What tissue makes up the amnion/chorion? 26

A

extraembryonic ectoderm

mesoderm

52
Q

What tissue makes up the yolk sac? 26

A

extraembryonic endoderm

mesoderm

53
Q

What tissue makes up the chorion? 26

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

54
Q

By day 13 where is the disc (embryo) located? 27

A

the disc is suspended in the chorionic cavity via a connecting stalk (extraembryonic mesoderm)

55
Q

Walk-through, Trophoblast to embryo in middle of chorionic cavity. 28

A

Trophoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

implants into the uterine endometrium

amniotic cavity forms and the syncytiotrophoblast expands

cells migrate from hypoblast to form Heuser’s membrane (primary yolk sac)

syncytiotrophoblast surrounds entire embryo

extraembryonic mesoderm forms and splits into two layers forming the chorionic cavity

trophoblast lacunae anastomose with maternal blood sinusoids

migration of cells (again) from hypoblast to form secondary yolk sac (primary yolk sac degrades)

embryo proper chilling in chorionic cavity connected by extraembryonic mesoderm connecting stalk

56
Q

What is a hydatidiform mole? 29

A

an abnormal blastocyst that has a continued trophoblast development

57
Q

What is a partial hydatidiform mole? 29

A

some embryonic development

triploid: 69, XXX, 69 XXY, 69 XYY

58
Q

What is a complete hydatidiform mole? 29

A

No embryonic development

oocyte missing female pronucleus w/ duplicate male pronucleus

59
Q

What makes up the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle? 30

A

hypoblast

60
Q

What is gastrulation? 31

A

cells migrating from the epiblast to form the primary germ layers (all adult structures)

61
Q

What signals the beginning o gastrulation? 31

A

formation of the primitive streak (thin depression of surface of epiblast)

62
Q

What do cells that displace the hypoblast become? 32

A

embryonic endoderm

63
Q

What do cells that remain in the epiblast become? 32

A

embryonic ectoderm

64
Q

What do cells that remain in between the hypoblast and epiblast become? 32

A

embryonic mesoderm

65
Q

What is a teratoma? 36

A

A tumor that arises from primordial germ cells (migratory cells that populate the gonads)

Containts multiple cell types

66
Q

What tissue is the notochord derived from? 38

A

mesoderm

67
Q

What does the notochord become in the adult? 38

A

spinal cord & CNS

68
Q

What does endoderm give rise to? 40

A

epithelial linings of respiratory and digestive tracts

glands of GI tract, liver, and pancreas

69
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to? 40

A

forms epidermis of skin

CNS/PNS

eyes/middle ear

70
Q

What occurs during Neurulation? 41

A

process by which the notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to become a neural plate

71
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to? 42

A

skeletal muscles

blood cells

lining of BVs

CV system

trunk CT

serosal linings of all body cavities, visceral sm coats

MSK - Midterm (19 decks)

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