9/14 .Histology Bone - Dennis (Completed) Flashcards

1
Q

What gives bone its extreme strength? 4

A

The addition of bone salts (Ca2+)

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2
Q

What are important functions of bones? 4

A

Hematopoiesis

Storage

Movement, protection, support

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3
Q

Where within a bone, do we find compact bone? 6

A

External surface of long and flat bones

Lamellar bone (mature bone)

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4
Q

Where do we find spongy bone? 6

A

Makes up cancellous or trabecullar bone 🍖

Found deep to compact bone

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5
Q

What is the role of spongy bone (trabeculae)? 6

A

Houses bone marrow

This bone type can be lamellar or woven

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of lamellar bone? 7

A

Mature/secondary bone

Regular parallel arrangement of collagen fibers

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of woven bone (nonlamellar)? 7

A

Immature/primary bone

Loose arrangement of collagen fibers

Lower mineral content

More cells

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8
Q

During repair what bone type forms? 7

A

Woven bone

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9
Q

What part of the bone contains the epiphyseal plate? 8

A

The Epiphysis

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10
Q

What do we call the elongated shaft of a bone? 8

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

Within a bone, what houses the bone marrow? 8

A

The medullary cavity

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12
Q

What is the metaphysis of a bone? 8

A

Spongy/cancellous bone between diaphysis and epiphysis

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13
Q

What forms the border between the epiphysis and metaphysis? 8

A

The epiphyseal plate/line

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14
Q

What tissue makes up the periosteum? What cells does it contain? 9

A

Dense irregular CT

Contains osteoblasts

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15
Q

What anchors the periosteum to the endosteum? 9

A

Anchored by sharpey’s fibers (perforating fibers)

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16
Q

What cells are found within the endosteum? 9

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

Reticular cells

CT fibers

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17
Q

What is present in the Inner layer (cellular layer) of the periosteum? 10

A

Osteoprogenitor cells which retain their potential in case of bone injury

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18
Q

What components make up bone matrix? 11

A

Water - 10%

Organic components

Inorganic components

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19
Q

What are the organic components of bone? 11

A

Type I collagen

Proteoglycans

Osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

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20
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone matrix? 11

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Mg

K

Na

F

21
Q

What houses the nerve, artery, and vein that runs through a bone? 12

A

The central canal (Haversian canal)

22
Q

What do we call the cylindrical shafts that run through lamellar bone? 12

A

Ostensibly

23
Q

What runs between central canals? 12

A

Perforating canals (volkmann’s canal)

24
Q

What are cylindrical channels that allows interaction between osteocytes? 12

A

Canaliculi

25
Q

What’s the difference between concentric lamellae and outer circumferential lamellae? 12

A

Concentric lamellae –> ring of bone around central canal

Outer Circumferential lamellae –> ring of bone along periosteum

26
Q

What are bone stem cells that produce osteoblasts? 15

A

Osteoprogenitors

27
Q

What cells initiate/produces and controls mineralization of the osteoid? 15

A

Osteoblasts (Ob)

28
Q

What is Osteoid? 15

A

No mineralized organic matrix that mineralizes over time

29
Q

What cell is embedded in the matrix and maintains the matrix? 15

A

Osteocytes (differentiated from osteoblasts)

30
Q

What cell remodels and resorbs bone? 15

A

Osteoclasts - has ruffled borders

31
Q

How do Osteoclasts remodel bone? Why do Osteoclasts remodel bone?15

A

Using H+ and lysosomal proteins

Damaged or old bone is broken down by the osteoclast. Osteoblasts then must come in to replace the void

32
Q

What’s the source of Intramembranous Ossification? What type of bones develop from this growth? 17

A

Bones developing from mesenchyme precursor

Flat bones of skull and some facial bones
mandible
center of clavicle

33
Q

What’s the source of Endochondral Ossification? What bones develop from this process? 17

A

Bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model

Extremities
Pectoral & pelvic girdle
Pelvis
Vertebrae
Ends of clavicle
34
Q

What is the process of Intramembraneous Ossification? 18

A

Ossification centers within mesenchyme form called an osteoid

Osteoid/ossification center undergoes calcification

Woven bone forms first

Spongy and compact bone form

Lamellar bone eventually forms

35
Q

Walk-through Endochondral ossification. 20

A

Inner portion of hyaline cartilage model changes shape and deteriorates

Draws osteoprogenitor cells and vasculature to this site

Primary Ossification center forms in the diaphysis with secondary centers on both ends in the epiphysis

36
Q

What are the four zones of endochondral ossification? 23, 24

A

Reserve zone/running zone

Proliferative zone

Hypertrophic zone

Vascular invasion zone

37
Q

Which zone of endochondral ossification is responsible for lengthening of bone and contains primitive hyaline cartilage? 24

A

Reserve zone

38
Q

What zone shows shape changes and formation of calcified matrix during endochondral ossification? 24

A

Hypertrophic zone

39
Q

What zone shows calcified cartilage and blends with the epiphyseal plate during endochondral ossification? 24

A

Vascular invasion zone

40
Q

What growth induces widening of bone? 25

A

Periosteal bone growth

41
Q

walk-through of a bone fracture repair. 27

A

Fracture occurs, hematoma forms

Hematoma replaced (φ/osteoclasts) by fibrocartilage and regenerative BVs

Primary bone forms

Compact bone (secondary bone) forms with the original site now being larger then before break

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Achondroplasia

A

Altered spinal curvature

Small midface

Shortening of long bones (dwarfism)

43
Q

What causes Achondroplasia? 28

A

Mutation in FGFR3 (autosomal dominant)

44
Q

What occurs in Osteomalacia? 29

A

Progressive shortening and bending of bone

45
Q

What causes Rickets? 30

A

Defective mineralization of cartilage in growth plate, aka juvenile osteomalacia

46
Q

What causes Rickets (Juvenile Osteomalacia)? 30

A

Vitamin D deficiency or decreased Ca2+ intake

47
Q

What occurs in Osteoporosis? 31

A

Decrease in bone mass (cant produce organic matrix)

Loss of bone salts (Ca2+)

48
Q

What is present in the Outer layer (fibrous layer) of the periosteum? 10

A

Rich in vasculature

Sharpey fibers

Fibroblasts and collagen fibers

49
Q

What is the Interstitial lamellae? 12

A

Pieces of old osteon that results from remodeling