8B: Oncology II Flashcards
What age is considered to be at an increased risk for cancer?
> 50
What are 6 modifiable risk factors for developing cancer?
- Tobacco
- Diet
- Alcohol
- Hormonal exposure
- Geography, carcinogens
- Stress
Describe the general pathogenesis of cancer?
Changes the chromosomal makeup of come cells - can change normal cells into malignant ones
What is the body’s response to cancer?
Immune system will try to seek out and kill cancer cells before they proliferate
What immune cells response to cancer development?
NK or T cells
Describe metastasis
- Cancer cells spread beyond initial location
- Often follow organ or circulatory patterns
Why is bone a common clinical manifestation of metastasis?
Bone microenvironment provides fertile environment for growth or many primary tumprs
What is the primary symptom of bone metastasis?
Pain
When will there be osteolytic activity?
Lung, kidney, thyroid - present with hypercalcemia
When will there be osteoblastic activity?
Breast, prostate
What bones are typical locations for metastasis?
Axial skeleton
What happens when there is metastasis to the lung?
Due to blood flow - tumor cells obstruct bronchi and parietal pleura
What are the symptoms of lung metastasis?
Dry persistent cough, pleural pain, SOB, possibly hemoptysis
What happens when there is metastasis to the liver?
Due to blood flow, will typically originate from the stomach, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers
What will the symptoms of metastasis to the liver?
Abdominal pain, general malaise, fatigue, weight loss, low grade fever
