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TnJ > 82.Skin dz > Flashcards

82.Skin dz Flashcards

1
Q

% of histologically malignant skin tumors in dogs vs cats

A

20-40% M in dogs50-60% M in cats

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2
Q

what is the most important factor in local tumor control

A

surgical wound margin!1. intracapsular/intralesional (debulking or cytoreductive; leave macroscopic disease)2. marginal (often within pseudo capsule leaving microscopic disease behind)3. wide (removing some normal tissue)4. radical (an entire compartment is removed

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3
Q

4 surgical principles for tumor resection

A
  1. early ligation of large tumor vessels to minimize tumor cells entering circulation2. stay sutures, allis tissue forceps to avoid touching tumor3. change instruments/gloves if manipulating tumor4. copious lavage5. remove benign tumors first!
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4
Q

tissues most sensitive to chemotherapy and wound healing

A

intestinal tissues are most sensitivein general start chemo 7-10 days post surgeryneed more research

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5
Q

effects of radiation therapy on wound healing

A

dose-dependent injury to tissuestissue damage is more permanent than that of chemousually advised to start radiation therapy 1-3 weeks post op

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6
Q

4 types of radiation therapy injury to local tissues

A
  1. local erythema2. dry desquamation (superficial)3. moist desquamation (loss of basal layer of epidermis) 4. necrosis (dermal destruction/irreversible ulcer)
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7
Q

TNM staging system

A

T tumor size and invasiveness 0, 5 cm, invasionN node involvement 0, 1–ipsi, 2–contra or bilateral, 3–fixedM presence of distant mets 0–no, 1–yes

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8
Q

accuracy of FNA for diagnosing neoplasia

A

90%can be diagnosed cytologically but still need bx for tumor grade and confirmation of tumor origin

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9
Q

difference in spread of epithelial vs mesenchymal tumors

A

epithelial–lymphaticsmesenchymal–hematogenous

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10
Q

CT vs radiographs for detection of pulmonary nodules or mets

A

CT 1 mmradiographs 7-9 mm

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11
Q

2 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. transport (lymph,lipids, fluid excess, cell debris/nutrients)2. immune response
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12
Q

eventually lymph enters systemic circulation via

A

thoracic duct

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13
Q

cortex and medulla of a lymph node

A

cortex: contains B cells arranged in follicles with germinal centers (Bcells and plasma cells) that is surrounded by rim of T cellsparacortex: t cells and APC (macros)medulla: cords of lymphocytes, macros, plasma cells; btwn cords are sinuses with discontinuous endothelium

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14
Q

how to determine a sentinel LN

A

blue dye or low dose radio nucleotide and gamma cameramany nodes may be draining tumor area so hard to know which to remove for staging purposes which may or may not be prognostic for the type of tumor in question (controversial)

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15
Q

potential benefits of lymphadenectomy

A
  1. possibly slow the rate of mets2. may reduce clinical signs of paraneoplastic syndrome or palliate symptoms3. tumor debulking to increase local control 4. staging of diseaseonly helpful if removing the lymph node draining tumor and multiple LN may be involved
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16
Q

causes of lymphadenitis

A

mycobacteriumbacteriafungiparasites–Brugia (filariasis)cytology, biopsy, culture

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17
Q

persistent inflammatory edema from poor lymph drainage can lead to what….

A

mesenchymal cell proliferation which may cause irreversible thickening of skin and subcutis

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18
Q

lymph edema physiology

A

occurs when interstitial P increases as a result of a fluid imbalance btwn capillary filtration and lymphatic return1. high lymphatic load2. decreased plasma oncotic P3. increased vascular permeability4. obstruction of lymph system

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19
Q

histologic findings in chronic lymphedema

A
  1. thicken BM of lymph vessels2. increase macros, fibroblasts3. increase amounts of collagenall of which may lead to fibrosis of SQ with chronic lymph edema
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20
Q

4 most common skin tumors in cats vs dogs

A

DOGSMCT, ST sarcoma, perianal adenoma, SCCCATSSCC, basal cell tumors, MCT, ST sarcoma

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21
Q

types of round cell tumors (6)

A
  1. lymphoma2. malignant histocytosis3. TVT4. MCT5. plasma cell tumors6. histocytomas
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22
Q

papilloma

A

BENIGNcauliflower likeassociated with DNA viral causetransmission can occur directly and indirectlymay resolve within 3 months excision or cryotherapy is size or location is causing a problem

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23
Q

SCC

A

most common skin neoplasm in catsmalignantsolar exposure– non pigmented skin is most commonly affected precursor –actinic keratosispapilloma virus relationship potential can be proliferative or erosiveassociated with mutation in p53 tumor suppressor gene

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24
Q

name of multi centric SCC in situ in cats

A

Bowenoid in situ carcinoma in cats (RARE)multifocal crusted plaques anywhere on body

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25
Q

most common location of SCC in dogs vs cats

A

dogs: subungual, digital, scrotum, legs, anuscats: pinnae, eyes, nose,

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26
Q

risk of white cats and SCC

A

white cats have a 13x higher risk compared to cats with other coat colors

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27
Q

MST of SCC following pinnectomy or nosectomy in cats

A

673 days

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28
Q

therapeutic options for SCC

A
  1. cryotherapy (small early lesions, multiple tx, no histo dx)2. plesiotherapy3. radiation therapy (not evaluated in conjunction w sx)4. photodynamic therapy5. chemotherapy (NOT as sole tx, intralesional possible6. immunomodulatory therapy (Imiquimod cream–75% develop new lesions)7. SURGERY (aggressive)
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29
Q

redefine basal cell tumors

A

second most common skin tumor in catsredefined as trichoblastomagenerally benign

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30
Q

perianal gland adenoma

A

3rd most common cutaneous tumor in DOGSperianal hepatoid gland tumorsarise from modified sebaceous glands in dermis surrounding anuspredominately SEX HORMONE DEPENDENT (stimulated by androgens, suppressed by estrogens)INTACT MALES presdisposed90% cured with castration

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31
Q

perianal gland adenocarcinoma

A

NOT hormone dependentrarefaster growth rate, mets occur, more invasive

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32
Q

canine anal sac adenocarcinoma (apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac)

A

older female dogs, no hormone dependencemetastatic rate 36-96% (regional sublumbar nodes)paraneoplastic hyperCa 27%complete excision difficult—follow up with chemo (mitoxantrone) and/or radiation therapy

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33
Q

percentage of incidental diagnosis of anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs

A

up to 39% found as incidentalRECTAL!

34
Q

MST with surgery alone (with or without lymphadenecomy)

A

8-16 monthsvs 32 months with surgery, mitoxantrone chemotherapy and radiation therapy!dogs with large tumor >10cm2 had shorter survival (292d) than dogs with smaller tumors (584d) in one study

35
Q

how does feline anal sac adenocarcinoma differ from dogs

A

POOR PROGNOSISeven with surgery only 3 months (surgery not recommended)hyperCa is NOT a general feature

36
Q

ST Sarcoma

A

2nd most common cutaneous tumor in dogsmesenchymal, slow growing, locally invasive, met slowlydo not exfoliate well (only correct on cytology 70%)

37
Q

rate of mets for ST sarcoma in dogs

A

depends on gradegrade 1,2 < 13%grade 3 > 40%

38
Q

most important prognostic factor of local recurrence for ST sarcoma

A

CLEAN SURGICAL MARGINS (and size in cats)recommend 2-3 cm and one fascial plane deep

39
Q

recurrence of ST sarcoma after RE-excision and after radiation therapy

A

15-17%

40
Q

MST ST sarcoma with surgery (incomplete) and radiation therapy

A

incomplete sx + radiation 2270dradiation after marginal or debunking results in good clinical outcome

41
Q

in cats with ST sarcoma MST

A

12-20 monthsSIGNIFICANTLY LONGER IF COMPLETE (>16 months) vs incomplete (9 months)

42
Q

ST sarcoma grade dependent recurrence after marginal excision

A

grade 1 7%grade 2, 3 34%median time to recurrence 12 monthsrecommend eval q 3 months for the first year and every 6 months after that

43
Q

histologically LOW grade but biologically HIGH grade fibrosarcomas

A

oral tumor of dogsgaurded prognosiscan affect young dogslocally very invasive

44
Q

hemangiopericytomas act like PNST (all ST sarcomas) but what staining differentiates the two

A

hemangiopericytoma—NEGATIVE vimentinPNST—POSITIVE vimentin

45
Q

feline injection site associated sarcoma

A

associated with administration of INACTIVATED vaccines with an increased risk 2-5x for rabies and FeLV vaccines also linked to multivalent vx, long term penicillin injxn, methylpred injxn, and non absorbable suture

46
Q

distinct differences btwn injection site sarcomas in cats versus other ST sarcomas

A
  1. more malignant biological and histological features2. inflammatory component present
47
Q

recommendations for vaccination sites in cats

A

DISTALrabies–right hindFeLV–left hindother multivalent–right front

48
Q

recurrence of injection site associated sarcoma with marginal excision

A

70%MUCH HIGHER than ST sarcoma (7-34% depending on grade)median time til recur sign longer is specialist (274 d) vs rDVM (66d)

49
Q

Phelps et al JAVMA 2011 conclusions on recurrence and metastatic rate of injection site sarcomas treated with 5 cm and 2 fascial planes deep exicison

A

14% recurr20% metastatic ratecats without recurrence and without mets survived longerrecur and mets were significantly associated with less survival

50
Q

types of lipomas

A

benign lipoma (may or may not be inter muscular)liposarcoma (can met, locally invasive)infiltrative lipoma ( invasive–no capsule; but do not generally met)

51
Q

reported local recurrence rate following surgery for infiltrative lipomas

A

36-50%in average time of 239 daystherefor slow growth combined with old patient = favorable prognosis

52
Q

stain to ddx liposarcoma from other ST sarcomas

A

oil red O stain

53
Q

cutaneous HSA in dogs

A

high metastatic ratecutaneous is better than SUBcutaneous which is better than IM hemangiosarcomacomplete excision followed by adjuvant chemotherapy

54
Q

feline fibropapilloma

A

feline sarcoidvirus associatedyoungrural or barn catscontact with cattleinfiltrative but not metastatic

55
Q

anatomy of dog vs cat mammary chain

A

DOG—5 pairs (cr and cd thoracic, cr and cd ab, inguinal)CAT–4 pairs (cr and cd thoracic, cr and cd ab)–lack inguinal

56
Q

blood supply of mammary glands

A

mainly originates from lateral and internal thoracic arteries AND external pudendal artery1. 3 cranial glands:cr superficial epigastric, lateral internal thoracic, branches of intercostal arteries from internal thoracic artery2. 2 caudal glands: cd superficial epigastric (originates from ext pudendal artery) and deep branches of cranial abdominal and deep circumflex iliac arteries

57
Q

lymph nodes of the mammary chain in dogs

A

DOGS: cr and cd thoracic mammary glands–>axillary LN (+/- superficial cervical LN, sternal LN)cr and cd abdominal mammary glands –> axillary and inguinal LNcd abdominal mammary gland–>medial iliac LN, popliteal LNinguinal mammary gland –> inguinal LN, medial iliac LN, +/- popliteal LN

58
Q

lymph nodes of the mammary chain in cats

A

CATS: cr and cd thoracic mammary glands–>axillary LN +/- sternal LNcd thoracic mammary gland –> inguinal LNcr abdominal mammary gland –> axillary LN +/- sternal LNcr and cd abdominal mammary glands –> inguinal LNcd abdominal mammary gland–>medial iliac LN, popliteal LN

59
Q

what is the risk of mammary cancer in dogs in terms of estrus cycle

A

before first estrus 0.5%after first estrus 8%after second estrus 26%

60
Q

T/Fcanine mammary tumors are hormone dependent, however, loss of hormone dependency frequently occurs in malignant mammary tumors

A

TRUEestrogen and progestin receptor expresssion is significantly lower in malignant mammary tumors vs benign and normal mammary tissueinflammatory carcinomas (the MOST malignant mammary tumor type) were estrogen receptor NEGATIVE

61
Q

genetic factors involved in mammary tumorigenesis

A

mutations p53overexpression HER-2 (protooncogene)overexpression COX2

62
Q

inflammatory carcinoma of mammary glands

A

most malignant formmets vary 8-100%55% bilateral chains affectedhisto: malignant mammary type WITH CHARACTERISTIC INVASION OF DERMAL LYMPHATICSsurgery not recommendedpiroxicam may extend MST

63
Q

T/Fin female dogs the type of surgery does not seem to affect the prognosis as long as complete excision is achieved

A

TRUE

64
Q

different surgeries for mammary tumors

A
  1. lumpectomy–nodulectomy; small <0.5cm, benign, marginal excision2. simple mastectomy–mammectomy, 1 gland removed but achieves 2-3 cm margins, difficult if glands are confluent3. regional mastectomy–en bloc of gland 1-3 and 3-5 glands; INCLUDE inguinal LN if possible4. chain mastectomy–mets based on lymph drainage is unpredictable, if multiple tumors, third gland, or large take chain.
65
Q

T/F58% of dogs develop new tumor in the remaining ipsilateral glands after regional mastectomy for one mammary tumor

A

TRUEand new tumor is likely to be malignant if located near the previously excised malignant one

66
Q

T/Fthe risk of malignancy increases with increasing size of mammary tumor

A

truemalignant tumors 4.7 cm diameterbenign tumors 2.1 cm diameterresected smaller tumors have a longer survival

67
Q

recurrence rates of mammary tumors in dogs with and without evidence of LN mets

A

with LN mets recur 80% within 6 mowithout LN mets recur < 30% within 2 yrs

68
Q

what is the benign differential for a feline mammary mass

A

fibroadenomatous hyperplasiaGOES AWAY WITH OHE

69
Q

where do mast cells originate

A

CD34+ cells from the bone marrow

70
Q

relative risk of boxers having MCT

A

16.7 x

71
Q

percentage of canine MCT affected by c-kit mutations

A

15-40%

72
Q

Darrier sign

A

edema, erythema, inflammation of the tumor and surrounding tissueslocal changes are associated with a worse prognosis

73
Q

MST after surgery of MCT based on grade

A
  1. > 1300 days2. 800 days3. 300 days
74
Q

negative prognostic indicators for MCT

A
  1. grade 32. MM location
75
Q

locations associated with poorer prognosis with MCT

A

preputialscrotalcanine muzzlevisceral

76
Q

feline MCT

A

50-90% well differentiatedregress spontaneouslybehave more benignlybut poorly differentiated behave malignantly

77
Q

most common splenic disease in cats

A

MCTvisceral MCT is more common in cats than dogs and is NOT associated with cutaneous MCT in cats; mets are common with visceral formsdid not have ckit mutations

78
Q

top three intestinal tumors in cats

A
  1. LSA2. AdCa3. MCT
79
Q

with malignant melanoma, what is an important prognostic factor

A

LOCATIONhaired–act benign–favorable pxoral, MM, nail bed–malignant–guarded px

80
Q

how does the melanoma vx work

A

xenogeneic (human, murine) DNA vaccineencodes for human, murine tyrosinasesand then Ab are made against tumor tyrosinases (antityrosinase Ab) potentially therapeutic (immunomodulating)

81
Q

most common nail bed tumors in dogs

A

SCC (blk labs and poodles)malignant melanoma (guarded px, Scottish Terrier)55% malignant25% inflam16% benignbone lysis 75%

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