55. RU

Question 1

how much weight bearing force is carried by the proximal radial articular surface at the level of the elbow

Answer 1

51%

Question 2

T/Fgrowth of ulna is 100% from distal ulnar physis

Answer 2

True page 760the proximal ulnar physis is only responsible for olecranon elongationdistal ulnar physis is responsible for 100% ulnar growth

Question 3

procurvatum of radius

Answer 3

27 degrees

Question 4

amount of radial shortening required to achieve 90% SN on rads

Answer 4

1.5-4.0 mm CT is more SNonly need 1 mm difference to be able to diagnose on CT 3-d recon

Question 5

tx options for short radius

Answer 5

1. gradual dynamic radial lengthening–DO (if young dog)–radial osteotomy and flexible ESF placement to distal humerus–Stader apparatus ESF and controlled distraction–circular ESF2. acute elongation (skeletally mature dogs)–radial sagittal sliding osteotomy with screw stabilization–osteotomy, bone spread, cortical graft and plate/ESF stabilization3. shorten ulna to match radius–ulnar ostectomy proximal to interosseous ligament

Question 6

tx options short ulna

Answer 6

1. dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (ostectomy if young)2. distal ulnar osteotomy + interosseous ligament transection3. ulnar lengthening with distraction/ESF4. osteotomy with buttress plating/rigid fixation5. sagittal sliding osteotomy of ulna

Question 7

secondary changes of distal ulnar physeal injury

Answer 7

1. radial procurvatum2. distal valgus3. ulna shortening4. torsion5. +/- UAP

Question 8

methods needed to prevent premature bone regeneration at ostectomy site

Answer 8

1. ostectomy of 1.5x the bone diameter2. remove periosteum3. fat graft insertionkeys hypothesis= the distance that overcomes the regenerative capacity of bone in a mature animal

Question 9

T/Fdome osteotomy of canine ante brachial ALD models had diminished accuracy in correctly sagittal plane deformities and achieved generally less bone apposition that closing wedge techniques

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

T/FPaleys second rule of osteotomies can be successfully employed to intentionally position the osteotomy proximal to a juxta-articular CORA

Answer 10

TRUEthis will result translational abnormality but still be colinear

Question 11

surgical repair methods for congenital luxation of the radial head

Answer 11

—nothing–radial head ostectomy (may regrow if young)–closed reduction and transarticular circular ESF–closing or opening wedge osteotomy/ostectomy with olive wire tensioned to draw radial head back in place and transarticular ESF– elbow arthrodesis

Question 12

distally, the radial nerve course under what muscle

Answer 12

supinator muscle

Question 13

_________% of radial fractures in toy breed dogs treated with external coaptation result in malalignment or nonunion

Answer 13

83%

Question 14

what structures may need to be scarified during internal fixation near the distal radius

Answer 14

cephalic veinabductor pollicus longus muscle

Question 15

how to repair styloid process fracture of either the radius or ulna

Answer 15

lag screw(s) or pin and tension bandorigin of MCL and LCL for radius and ulna respectively

Question 16

antebrachial vascular differences btwn toy and large breed dogs

Answer 16

small breeds have decreased vascular density at the distal diaphyseal/metaphyseal junction compared with large breed dogscan result in delayed healing

Question 17

if osteopenia is noted on post op films of toy breed dog with radial fracture repair

Answer 17

stress protection most likelyfixation may require destabilizationstart with removal of a set of screws (one from each side) closest to the fracture and wait 3-4 weeks

Question 18

pin and tension band considerations for repair of proximal olecranon fracture

Answer 18

wire size is more important than pin sizeretrograde pin placement decreases risk of inadvertent penetration into trochlear notch

Question 19

types of monteggia fractures

Answer 19

1. proximal ulna fracture cranioproximally with radial cranially luxated; MOST COMMON2. proximal ulnar fracture caudally angulated with radial head caudally luxated3. lateral radial head lux4. cranial radial head lux but fracture of radius and ulna

Question 20

repair options for type I monteggia fracture

Answer 20

1. closed reduction and ulnar IM pin placement2. ulnar plate with lag screw into radial head +/- suture annular ligamentCAUDAL SPLINT 3-4 weeks post op!

Question 21

most common complication following monteggia fracture repair

Answer 21

decreased ROMOAradial head luxation recurrence