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MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS > 8. MEAN DIFFERENCE > Flashcards

8. MEAN DIFFERENCE Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In which situations is the Mean Difference most used?
A
  • when the exposure is categorical
    and the outcome is numeric
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2
Q
  1. Fill in the labels for the blocks numbered 1-6.
A
  1. Binary Outcomes
  2. Existing Cases
  3. New Cases
  4. Odds Ratio
  5. Risk Ratio
  6. Rate Ratio
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3
Q
  1. Fill in the labels for the blocks numbered 7-12.
A
  1. Numeric Outcomes
  2. Categorical Exposure
  3. Numeric Exposure
  4. Mean Difference
  5. Correlation Coefficient
  6. Regression Coefficient
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4
Q
  1. What Measure of Association do you use when you have a Categorical Exposure?
A
  • Mean Difference
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5
Q
  1. What two Measures of Association do you use when you have Numeric Exposures?
A
  • Correlation Coefficient
  • Regression Coefficient
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6
Q
  1. What does the Mean Difference refer to?
A
  • it refers to the comparison between two means
  • this is the comparison between two averages
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7
Q
  1. Describe Mean Difference.
A
  • it is a measure of Association
  • it assesses the presence of an association between a
    categorical exposure and a numeric outcome
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8
Q
  1. What are the 2 Main Research Situations where the Mean Difference is applicable?
A
  1. COMPARING MEANS BETWEEN CATEGORIES
    (GROUPS) OF CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
    • this is known as a Between Subjects Design
    • EG: a comparison between independent groups of
      individuals
  2. COMPARING MEANS IN A SINGLE GROUP OF
    INDIVIDUALS IN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT TIME
    POINTS
    • this is known as a Within Subjects Design
    • it can also be called Repeated Measures
    • EG: a comparison before and after an intervention
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9
Q
  1. How do we Mathematically calculate the Mean Difference between two independent groups?
A
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10
Q
  1. Assuming that you are making use of Normally Distributed Variables that are independent from one another, what statistical tests would you use?
A
  1. INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST
    • this is used when you have 2 categories
    • it is used when you are comparing between subjects
    • it is used to compare the mean difference between 2
      independent variables
  2. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
    • this is used when you have more than 2 categories
    • it is used when you are comparing between subjects
    • it is used to compare the mean difference between
      more than 2 independent variables
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11
Q
  1. How do we mathematically calculate the Mean Difference between two time points surrounding a single group?
A
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12
Q
  1. Assuming that you are making use of Normally Distributed Variables that are centred around a singular group and its paired samples, what statistical tests would you use?
A
  1. PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST
    • this is used when you have 2 different outcomes
      surrounding the same exposure
    • it is used when you are comparing within subjects
  2. REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
    (REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA)
    • this is used when you have more than 2 different
      outcomes surrounding the same exposure
    • it is used when you are comparing within subjects
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13
Q
  1. What are Within Subjects Designs?
    (Repeated Measures Designs)
A
  • they compare the measurements in the same
    participants
  • the outcomes come from the same sources of
    variability
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14
Q
  1. How are Repeated Measurements collected?
A
  • they can be collected at different time points
  • this would asses the change over time
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15
Q
  1. Other than comparing one group between different time periods, how else can they be compared when it comes to Within-Subjects comparisons?
A
  • the same participants could be compared under two or
    more different conditions

EXAMPLE:
- comparing the pain intensity for the same participants
receiving different pharmacotherapies for pain relief

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16
Q
  1. What is the general rule when it comes to dealing with the same participants?
A
  • this is a Within Subjects Design
  • the same participants are being compared
  • we will make use of a Paired T-Test or a Repeated
    Measures ANOVA
17
Q
  1. What is a more complicated type of Mean Difference Research Design that we can get?
A
  • some research designs can combine both Between-
    Subject tests and Within-Subject tests
  • we may have 2 or more groups
  • this is a Between-Subjects Factor
  • these 2 or more groups could be analysed over 2 or
    more time points
  • this is a Within-Subjects Factor
18
Q
  1. What Statistical Test would we use in the more complicated Mean Difference Research Design?
A
  1. MIXED DESIGN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
    (MIXED DESIGN ANOVA)
    • this is a statistical test that provides a mean
      difference between two or more independent groups
      (Between Subjects IV)
  • this test simultaneously subjects participants to
    repeated measures of a numeric outcome (DV)
    (Within Subjects IV)

MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS (43 decks)

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