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MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS > 42. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH > Flashcards

42. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Briefly list a few characteristics of Qualitative Research.
A
  • it is subjective
  • it is based on interviews
  • it focuses on the stories and words of participants
  • it is non-numerical
  • it makes use of less participants
  • each participant provides a large, thorough amount of
    information
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2
Q
  1. What is Qualitative Research?
A
  • it is the collection and analysis of data
  • this data consists of words
  • it is not quantitative, numerical data
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3
Q
  1. What is the aim of Qualitative Resreach?
A
  • to help researchers understand why something is the
    way that it is
  • to help us understand phenomena in depth
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4
Q
  1. How large is the number of research participants that are used in Qualitative Research?
A
  • it makes use of a small number of Research patients

THIS KIND OF STUDY DOES NOT AIM TO PRESENT:
- generalisable results

IT AIMS TO PRESENT RESULTS:
- that are specific to a group of people
- this helps us to understand the group of people in
depth
- helps us to see what these individuals go through
- helps us to understand why they go through this

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5
Q
  1. What is a necessary aspect that is needed in Qualitative Research?
A
  • a Research question
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6
Q
  1. Define a Research Question?
A
  • this is a question that can be addressed by Conducting
    Research
  • this is done by collecting data

THE RESEARCH QUESTION:
- should be very specific
- this is so that we can collect the most appropriate
research

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7
Q
  1. What do Researchers start with when they are doing a Qualitative Research Study?
A
  • they start with a general topic
  • they read the relevant literature on the topic
  • this helps them to refine their research question
  • they then try to fill in the gaps in the research
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8
Q
  1. Can Qualitative Research stand alone?
A
  • YES
  • this allows it to answer specific Research Questions

IT CAN ALSO:
- offer support to Quantitative Research

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9
Q
  1. What are three examples of Stand-Alone Qualitative Research?
A
  1. Experiences of stigma amongst AIDS patients
  2. How patients react to Breast Cancer
  3. How doctors view working with different patients
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10
Q
  1. How do Researcher’s explore Stand-Alone Qualitative Research topics?
A
  • they make use of the patient’s words
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11
Q
  1. What is this an example of?
A
  • Qualitative Research that is supporting Quantitative
    Research

WE CAN SEE THAT THIS IS A QUANTITATIVE FINDING:
- it gives us a good idea of what the average results are
in a general population
- it does not gives us an understanding of the findings in
depth

IN ORDER TO DO THAT:
- the researchers have to ask the men and women in
that age group a series of questions
- this will combine the Quantitative research with the
Qualitative Research
- this helps us to understand much more about what is
going on in the study

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12
Q
  1. What do Researchers have to do before they can analyse the Qualitative data?
A
  • they have to collect it
  • this is done through asking questions
  • or through observation
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13
Q
  1. What are the three main methods of collecting Qualitative Data?
A
  1. Interviews and Questionnaires
  2. Focus Groups
  3. Observations

NB:
- these can be done one by one
- they can also be done simultaneously

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14
Q
  1. Define: Interviews.
A
  • these are a form of conversation

THE RESEARCHERS:
- will pose questions
- the research participant is expected to do most of the
talking

THE DURATION OF THE INTERVIEW:
- can be short
- or long
(such as an hour to an hour and a half)

THE INTERVIEW
- is usually recorded
- it is transcribed in verbatim
- the emotions of the participant can also be noted

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15
Q
  1. How many participants and interviews are usually conducted by Researchers in a Qualitative Research study?
A
  • 10 interviews

THE RESEARCHERS STOP THE INTERVIEWS:
- when they feel that saturation is achieved
- this is when the researcher has all the information they
need
- they have enough data to answer and understand the
research question

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16
Q
  1. What is the purpose of Interviews?
A
  • to gather enough data
  • to understand a phenomenon in depth
  • or to answer a question adequately
17
Q
  1. What are the two types of interviews we can have?
A
  1. STRUCTURED
    - the interviewer leads completely
    - they have all their questions written and prepared
    beforehand
    - the interview is guided and rigid
  2. SEMI-STRUCTURED
    - this is when the researchers comes with some specific
    questions beforehand
    - they continue to come up with new questions over
    the course of the interview
    - these new question are based on the participants
    previous answers
18
Q
  1. Define: Focus Groups.
A
  • this is a group discussion
  • it works like an interview with numerous participants
  • it helps to study many people at once
  • this makes it more convenient

FOCUS GROUPS:
- are less expensive

19
Q
  1. What are the advantages of Focus Groups?
A
  1. It helps the Researcher to get an idea of the situation
    before they set up a larger study
  2. It makes sense of Qualitative Results
  3. It can be a stand-alone Research Method
    - given that there is a specific research question to
    answer
    - given that the data saturation is checked
  4. Researchers can organise as many focus groups as
    they need
    - to get a sufficient amount of information
20
Q
  1. Define: Observation.
A
  • this is a systematic and long observation of behaviour
  • this is observed in its natural environment

EXAMPLE:
- going to observe the treatment and procedure for a
specific disease
- observing the patient’s reaction to this procedure

21
Q
  1. Which fields make large use of Observations?
A
  • Social Anthropology
  • Sociology
  • Education
22
Q
  1. What is the purpose of Observations?
A
  • to understand the rationale of behaviour
23
Q
  1. What are the three kinds of Observations that we can have?
A
  1. Overt
  2. Cover
  3. Participant
24
Q
  1. What is an Overt Observation?
A
  • the participants know that they are being observed
  • this is the most common
  • it is the most ethical
25
Q
  1. What is a Covert Observation?
A
  • the participants do not know that they are being
    observed
26
Q
  1. What is a Participant Observation?
A
  • the research is done by participating in the study and
    making observations
  • this is an active form of Research
  • the researcher is part of the participants
  • demands that the researcher simultaneously plays two
    different roles
27
Q
  1. What happens during an Observation?
A
  1. THE RESEARCHER
    - writes everything they have observed on paper
  2. ALL THE INFORMATION
    - is coded and analysed
  3. THE OBSERVATION IS OFTEN COMBINED WITH
    INTERVIEWS
    - this allows us to compare what the participants say
    with what they do
    - this depends on the topic and what you want to
    explore

MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS (43 decks)

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