28. MULTIFACTORIAL NATURE OF DISEASES

Question 1

1. What kind of exposure causes most diseases?

Answer 1

HIGH EXPOSURES:
- to certain risk factors

LOW EXPOSURES:
- to certain protective factors

Question 2

2. What are these risk and protective factor exposures collectively called?

Answer 2

• Disease Determinants
• they differ from disease to disease

Question 3

3. What can be said about Chronic diseases and their determinants?

Answer 3

CHRONIC DISEASES:
- often share common determinants

EXAMPLES:
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Cerebrovascular Disease
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Cancer
- Neurodegenerative Diseases

Question 4

4. List 6 types of Disease Determinants.

Answer 4

1. Genetics Factors
2. Biological (Physiological) Factors
3. Lifestyle Factors
4. Psychosocial Factors
5. Sociodemographic Factors
   6, Wider Environmental Factors

Question 5

5. What are some examples of Biological (Physiological) Factors?

Answer 5

• ageing
• diseases statuses
• biochemical factors

Question 6

6. What are some examples of Lifestyle Factors?

Answer 6

• diet
• physical activity
• smoking
• alcohol consumption
• sleeping patterns

Question 7

7. What are some examples of Psychosocial Factors?

Answer 7

• stress
• social isolation

Question 8

8. What are some examples of Sociodemographic Factors?

Answer 8

• socioeconomic position
• educational attainment
• urbanisation

Question 9

9. What are some examples of Wider Environmental Factors?

Answer 9

• air pollution
• impure water
• toxic agents
• radiation

Question 10

10. List the 10 Disease Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease.

Answer 10

1. High Blood Pressure
   - this is a major risk factor
   - it is one of the most important and strong ones
2. Ageing
3. Unhealthy Diet
4. Smoking
5. Low Physical Activity
6. High Alcohol Consumption
7. Genetic Predisposition
8. Obesity
   - this is a result of an unhealthy diet
9. Hyperglycaemia
10. Hypercholesterolemia

Question 11

11. List the 11 Disease Determinants of Alzheimer’s Disease.

NB:
- this is a Neurodegenerative Disease

Answer 11

1. High Blood Pressure
2. Ageing
3. Social Isolation
4. Low Education
5. Smoking
   - this is still being questioned as a determinant
6. Low Physical Activity
7. Low Cognitive Activity
8. Genetic Predisposition
9. Obesity
10. Hyperglycaemia
11. Hypoercholesterolemia

Question 12

12. List the 9 Disease Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes.

Answer 12

1. High Blood Pressure
2. Ageing
3. Unhealthy Diet
4. Smoking
5. Low Physical Activity
6. High Alcohol Consumption
7. Genetic Predisposition
8. Obesity
9. Hypercholesterolemia

Question 13

13. List the 10 Disease Determinants of Breast Cancer.

Answer 13

1. Ageing
2. Unhealthy Diet
3. Smoking
4. Low Physical Activity
5. High Alcohol Consumption
6. Genetic Predisposition
7. Obesity
8. No Breastfeeding
9. Hormone Replacement Therapy
   - this is still being questioned as a Determinant
10. Oral Contraceptive Use
    • this is still being questioned as a Determinant