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MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS > 4. MEASURES OF FREQUENCY > Flashcards

4. MEASURES OF FREQUENCY Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Fill in the descriptions for the Blocks labelled 1-7.
A
  1. Measures of Disease Frequency
  2. Prevalence
  3. Point
  4. Period
  5. Incidence
  6. Cumulative
  7. Rate
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2
Q
  1. What are Measures of Disease Frequency?
A
  • these are also known as measures of Disease
    Occurrence
  • they asses the frequency and distribution of Health
    Conditions and outcomes in populations
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3
Q
  1. How are Measures of Disease Frequency most often expressed as?
A
  • they are expressed as percentages
  • this is because they reflect binary outcomes
  • Binary Outcomes are also known as Variables
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4
Q
  1. What are two examples of Binary Outcomes?
A
  1. Presence vs absence of a Health Condition
  2. Occurrence vs no occurrence of a health outcome
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5
Q
  1. How do we calculate Prevalence?
A
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6
Q
  1. What is Point Prevalence?
A
  • this is the number of existing cases at a specific point
    in time
  • DIVIDED by the population at risk

NB:
- AN EXAMPLE OF A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME:
- today, yesterday, etc.

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7
Q
  1. What does the “Population at Risk” refer to?
A
  • this typically excludes the number of individuals who
    are immune to the disease
  • we consider the whole population for practical
    purposes
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8
Q
  1. What is Period Prevalence?
A
  • this is the number of existing cases during a specific
    time period
  • DIVIDED by the population at risk

NB:
- AN EXAMPLE OF A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD:
- the years of 2019-2020

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9
Q
  1. When is Period Prevalence more applicable?
A
  • it is more applicable for chronic diseases
  • these diseases have no cure or a low mortality
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10
Q
  1. How do we work out Cumulative Incidence?
A
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11
Q
  1. What are two other terms for Cumulative Incidence?
A
  1. Incidence Proportion
  2. Incidence
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12
Q
  1. What is Cumulative Incidence?
A
  • this is a Cumulative measure
  • it quantifies all the cases that appeared during a
    specific time period
  • it relates this to the population at risk
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13
Q
  1. What is meant by “Population at risk” when it comes to Cumulative Incidence?
A
  • this is a person without the condition currently
  • but they could potentially develop it

NB:
- the denominator is the same as for when we work out
Prevalence
- the denominator excludes existing cases that occur at
the beginning of the time period

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14
Q
  1. What is Cumulative Incidence used for?
A
  • it is used to quantify the risk of the outcome in a
    specific population
  • at a specific time period
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15
Q
  1. Provide an example of Cumulative Incidence?
A
  • the incidence of cancer in Cyprus during 2014 was two
    cases per 1000 persons
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16
Q
  1. What can Prevalence display?
A

PREVALENCE CAN DISPLAY:
- local burdens of disease
- regional burdens of disease
- global burdens of disease

IT IS USEFUL IN COMPARING:
- the disease frequency between regions or
subpopulation groups

17
Q
  1. What do we use Prevalence and Incidence for?
A
  • they are used to compare disease frequencies in
    different population groups
18
Q
  1. What is regularly documented incidence useful for?

REGULARLY DOCUMENTED= annual, seasonal etc.

A
  • it can inform us about temporal (time) trends in
    disease patterns
  • this is useful when it comes to diseases that emerge
    from projected public health concern
19
Q
  1. What is Mortality Rate?
A
  • this is also known as Death Rate
  • it is the most important measure of mortality
  • it quantifies the number of deaths in a
    population during a specified time period
20
Q
  1. What is the calculation for working out the Mortality Rate very similar to?
A
  • the calculation for working out Disease Incidence

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM:
- IN THE MORTALITY RATE:
- the numerator has the number of deaths
- INSTEAD of the new disease cases

21
Q
  1. How do we calculate All Cause Mortality Rate?
A
22
Q
  1. What is the All Cause Mortality Rate?
A
  • this is also known as the Crude Mortality (Death) Rate
  • it takes into account all the deaths from all causes
    within a specified point in time
23
Q
  1. How do we calculate Cause-Specific Mortality Rate?
A
24
Q
  1. What is Cause-Specific Mortality Rate?
A
  • this is also known as Cause-Specific Death Rate
  • it takes into account all deaths from a specific cause
  • it does this within a specified time point
25
Q
  1. How do we calculate Age Specific Mortality Rate?
A
26
Q
  1. What is Age Specific Mortality Rate?
A
  • this is also known as Age-Specific Death Rate
  • this takes into account all the deaths in a specific age
    group
  • it does this within a specified time point
27
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of Age-Specific Mortality?
A
  1. All Cause
  2. Cause-Specific
28
Q
  1. How do we calculate the Case Fatality Rate (Ratio)?
A
29
Q
  1. What is the relationship between Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality?
A
30
Q
  1. What 2 factors is Prevalence determined by?
A
  1. Incidence
  2. Duration of the disease
    (death rate/mortality)
    (recovery rate)
31
Q
  1. How do we calculate Incidence Rate?
A
32
Q
  1. What is Incidence Rate?
A
  • this is also referred to as: Rate
  • it is based on the observation that the population at
    risk keeps changing over the follow up
  • this means that the population at risk is not constant
  • this is because people who become ill with the disease
    or die from other causes will no longer be at risk
33
Q
  1. What is Incidence Rate applicable to?
A
  • it is applicable to Research studies
  • it is not as applicable to Population based surveys
  • this is because detailed data on the exact follow up
    time is required
34
Q
  1. What is another term for “Follow up Time”?
A
  • time at risk
  • this is calculated for all individuals
  • it is then added up
  • this gives rise to Person time
35
Q
  1. What is the main advantage of Incidence Rate?
A
  • it does not assume that all study participants are
    followed up for the whole duration of the study
  • this differs from Cumulative Incidence
36
Q
  1. What is more accurate about using the Incidence Rate?
A
  • it has a more accurate denominator
  • this means that is has a more accurate quantification
    of risk
  • this is called the “Rate” in this case
37
Q
  1. What is a similarity between Incidence Rate and Cumulative Incidence?
A
  • the two can be interpreted in exactly the same way
38
Q
  1. What is the only difference between Incidence Rate and Cumulative Incidence?
A
  • the reporting of the per unit population
39
Q
  1. Does this summary make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS (43 decks)

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