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MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS > 14. SYSTEMATIC ERROR VS RANDOM ERROR > Flashcards

14. SYSTEMATIC ERROR VS RANDOM ERROR Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is random Error?
A
  • this is an error that is introduced solely by chance
  • it is inherent in the sampling process
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2
Q
  1. What is Systematic Error also known as?
A
  • Bias
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3
Q
  1. What is Systematic Error?
A
  • this is error that is introduced via man-made actions
  • these actions relate to the conduct of the study
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4
Q
  1. When we take measurements during our research, what are these measurement based on?
A
  • they are based on data
  • this data is collected from the sample group
  • this sample group comes from the Total Population
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5
Q
  1. What do we not measure when it comes to research?
A
  • we do not measure the true population
  • we do not use the measures revolving around the true
    population
  • such as the mean, standard deviation etc.
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6
Q
  1. What information does the Representative Sampling give us?
A
  • it shows us an estimate of the measures of the True
    Population
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7
Q
  1. What exists alongside any sample estimate that we have?
A
  • a level of uncertainty around the estimate
  • the measure is not completely precise
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8
Q
  1. What happens when we increase the Sample Size?
A
  • the Random error value decrease
  • Sample Size and Random Error are inversely
    proportional
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9
Q
  1. What happens to the Random Error value when we include the Total Population?
A
  • the Random Error value goes down to zero
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10
Q
  1. What does the Confidence Interval indicate?
A
  • it indicates the level of uncertainty around the
    estimated measure
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11
Q
  1. What Confidence Interval do must studies report?
A
  • a 95% Confidence Interval
  • 95% Cl
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12
Q
  1. What does the 95% Confidence Interval indicate?
A
  • it indicates a specific rage
  • we can be 95% certain and confident that the true
    population measure lies within this range
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13
Q
  1. What effect does sample size have on the Confidence Interval?
A

A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE:
- results in a narrow 95% Confidence Interval

NB:
- the sample size and the 95% Confidence Interval are
inversely proportional

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14
Q
  1. What effect does the Sample Size have on the value of the Systematic Error?
A
  • it has no affect
  • the Systematic Error is not influenced by the Sample
    Size
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15
Q
  1. What is Selection Bias?
A
  • this is a type of Systematic Error
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16
Q
  1. What results in Selection Bias?
A

THE FACT THAT THE PARTICIPANTS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY:
- are not representative of the population
- from where they were selected
- they are not representative of their Source Population

17
Q
  1. What does Selection Bias lead to?
A
  • it leads to a Biased Sample
  • this almost always leads to Biased Estimates
18
Q
  1. What decision plays a major role in the representativeness of the sample?
A
  • the Sampling Method that is chosen
19
Q
  1. What are the 3 main kinds of Sampling Methods?
A
  1. Non-Probability Sampling
  2. Probability Sampling
  3. Systematic Sampling
20
Q
  1. What is Probability (Random) Sampling?
A
  • the sample is selected by probabilistic methods
  • it involves random selection
  • it allows you to make strong statistical inferences
    about the whole group
21
Q
  1. What is Systematic Sampling?
A
  • the sample is selected according to a simple and
    systematic rule
22
Q
  1. What is Non-Probability sampling?
A
  • the sample is selected by the fact that it is easily
    employed
  • the sample is convenient
  • it involves non-random selection
  • this allows us to easily collect data
23
Q
  1. What are the 4 types of Probability Sampling?
A
  1. Simple Random Sampling
  2. Stratified Random Sampling
  3. Cluster Sampling
  4. Multi-Stage Sampling
24
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of Systematic Sampling?
A
  1. Simple Systematic Sampling
  2. Proportional Quota Sampling
25
Q
  1. What kind of Sampling method does this image represent?
A
  • Simple Random Sampling
26
Q
  1. What kind of Sampling method does this image represent?
A
  • Systematic Sampling
27
Q
  1. What kind of Sampling method does this image represent?
A
  • Stratified Sampling
28
Q
  1. What kind of Sampling method does this image represent?
A
  • Cluster Sampling

MED 106- RESEARCH METHODS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICAL STATISTICS (43 decks)

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