11. BIOMEDICAL DISCOVERIES Flashcards
1
Q
- Who is Hippocrates?
A
- he is the father of Medical Research
- he lived in 400 BC
2
Q
- Name the 3 articles Hippocrates wrote on Epidemiology.
A
- Epidemic I
- On Airs, Waters and Places
- Epidemic III
3
Q
- What did Hippocrates do?
A
- he coined the term Epidemiology
- he coined the term Epidemic
- he determined and described the diseases which occur
in specific places at specific time periods - he introduced the concept of the Risk Factor
- he suggested that each disease is caused by a different
risk factor
4
Q
- Who is James Lind?
A
- he is a British Military Surgeon in the Scottish and
Royal Navies - he lived from 1716-1794
5
Q
- What did James Lind observe?
A
- he observed that British sailors were suffering from
Scurvy during long trips - no one at this time could identify the aetiology
- Lind observed that sailors were consuming very poor
diets that lacked in fresh fruit
6
Q
- What did Lind Hypothesise?
A
- he hypothesised that the disease will disappear if he
gave limes to the soldiers - he conducted the first ever Clinical Trail in 1747
- he proved that scurvy was caused by a lack of citrus
fruits
7
Q
- Who was John Snow?
A
- he was a British Physician
- he lived from 1813- 1858
8
Q
- What happened in London in 1849?
A
- a major outbreak of Cholera
- it leads to around 15 000 deaths
9
Q
- What did Snow Propose?
A
- he proposed that people were infected with Cholera by
swallowing something that multiplied in the intestines - he observed and investigated this case
10
Q
- What did John Snow’s findings reveal?
A
- Cholera cases were more common in areas that were
supplied from the banks of the river Thames - this is because it was polluted by Sewage
- the upstream waters were non-polluted
11
Q
- How did John Snow prove his theory?
A
- he conducted an experiment
- he did this by sealing a water pump in a highly infected
neighbourhood - Cholera disappeared from the neighbourhood
12
Q
- What did Jenner observe?
A
- he observed that Milkmaids who had previously
contracted cowpox were now protected from smallpox
13
Q
- What did Jenner hypothesise?
A
- the exposure to cowpox could protect against smallpox
14
Q
- How did Jenner test his hypothesis?
A
- he performed specific experiments
- he took material from a Cowpox sore on a milkmaid’s
hand - he inoculated it into the arm of the 9 year old son of
Jenner’s gardener
15
Q
- What happened months later to the 9 year old boy?
A
- he was exposed several times to the Variola virus
- he never developed smallpox
16
Q
- What is the Scientific method?
A
- this is the process by which the scientific community
endeavours to construct a representation of various
world phenomena
THIS REPRESENTATION HAS TO BE:
- reliable
- consistent
- non-biased
- accurate
17
Q
- What 5 Steps does the Scientific Method Comprise of?
A
- Observation (Literature Review)
- Devising a Testable Research Question
- Formulating a specific hypothesis
- Testing the hypothesis with an experiment or analysis
- Deriving a conclusion
(this is where you reject or accept your hypothesis)
18
Q
- Does this figure make sense?
A
- yes
19
Q
- What are the 2 main purposes of Biomedical Research?
A
- Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)
- Disease Prevention
20
Q
- What is Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)?
A
- the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and
using current best evidence from clinical research
findings - this aids the delivery of Optimum Clinical Care to
patients
21
Q
- What is Disease Prevention?
A
- this is the identification of risk factors and protective
factors of different diseases - this enables public health programmes that aim at
preventing diseases
22
Q
- What are the 6 types of Biomedical Research?
A
- IN VITRO STUDIES
(lab-based research) - STUDIES ON ANIMAL MODELS
- SMALL-SCALE STUDIES IN HUMANS
- LARGE-SCALE OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDIES IN HUMANS- cross sectional
- case control
- cohort
- LARGE-SCALE INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES IN HUMANS
- clinical trials
- SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES
