8: Lower GI

Question 1

What is the sequence of organs in the lower GI tract?

Answer 1

Large intestine (caecum, appendix, colon)

Rectum

Anal canal

Anus

Question 2

What divides the upper and lower GI tracts?

Answer 2

Ileocecal junction

Question 3

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 3

T10

Question 4

Which two cavities are contained within the abdominal cavity?

Answer 4

Peritoneal cavity

Retroperitoneum

Question 5

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 5

A continuous serous membrane which secretes peritoneal fluid into the peritoneal cavity

Question 6

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

Answer 6

Visceral peritoneum (invests organs)

Parietal peritoneum (touches internal body wall)

Question 7

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 7

Lying posterior to the peritoneum

Question 8

What is peritonitis?

Answer 8

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Question 9

Which organs are intraperitoneal?

Answer 9

Stomach

Spleen

Liver + gall bladder

Question 10

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

Answer 10

Kidneys

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Question 11

Is the stomach intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 11

Intraperitoneal

Question 12

What is the duodenum?

Answer 12

First part of the small intestine

Question 13

Which structure separates the stomach and the duodenum?

Answer 13

Pyloric sphincter

Question 14

What attaches the small intestine to the body wall?

Answer 14

Mesentery

Question 15

Which quadrant is the small intestine located in?

Answer 15

All four quadrants

Question 16

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Answer 16

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

in that order.

Question 17

What occurs in the large intestine?

Answer 17

Reabsorption of H₂O and electrolytes

Question 18

In which quadrant is the large intestine located?

Answer 18

All four quadrants

Question 19

What is the first part of the large intestine called?

Answer 19

Caecum

Question 20

Starting at the ileocecal junction, and excluding the appendix, name the sections of the large intestine in the correct order.

Answer 20

Ileocecal Junction

Caecum

Ascending Colon

Transverse Colon

Descending Colon

Sigmoid Colon

Question 21

What structures are at the terminal end of the large intestine?

Answer 21

Rectum and anus

Question 22

What is the function of the rectum and anus?

Answer 22

Stool formation

Waste excretion

Question 23

The muscular wall of the rectum and anal canal is made up of ___ muscle.

The sphincter forming the anus is made up of ___ muscle.

Answer 23

smooth , skeletal

Question 24

What is peristalsis?

Answer 24

Waves of simulatenous:

Shortening

Narrowing

of a segment of GI tract, pushing material forward.

Question 25

Which layer of muscle **shortens** the GI tract during peristalsis?

Answer 25

**Outer, longitudinal layer**

Question 26

Which layer of muscle **narrows** the GI tract during peristalsis?

Answer 26

**Inner, circular layer**

Question 27

The type of mucosa in different sections of the GI tract is designed to fulfil the ___ of that section.

Answer 27

**function**

Question 28

**Protective**, **secretory**, **absorptive** Match the types of mucosa to the **stomach, small intestine, oesophagus** and **large intestine.**

Answer 28

**Oesophagus****:** protective mucosa **Stomach**: secretory mucosa **Small intestine**: absorptive mucosa **Large intestine**: absorptive mucosa

Question 29

Name some **sphincters** found in the GI tract.

Answer 29

**Cricopharyngeal sphincter** (UOS) **Lower oesophageal sphincter** (functional( **Pyloric sphincter** **Ileocaecal valve** **Internal anal sphincter** **External anal sphincter**