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Principles Anatomy > 6: Respiratory > Flashcards

6: Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sections of the upper respiratory tract?

A

1. Right and left nasal cavities (or the mouth)

2. Nasopharynx

3. Oropharynx

4. Laryngopharynx

5. Larynx

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2
Q

What are the sections of the lower respiratory tract?

A

1. Trachea

2. Right and left main bronchi

3. Lobar bronchi

4. Segmental bronchi

5. Bronchioles

6. Alveoli

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3
Q

What is another name for the lower respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory tree

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4
Q

At what level of the vertebral column does the URT become the LRT?

A

C6

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5
Q

What transition occurs at the level of the C6 vertebra?

A

URT to LRT

(i.e larynx to trachea)

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6
Q

Where are the vocal cords found?

A

The larynx

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7
Q

Which bone, with no attachments to any other bone, is found anterior to the larynx?

A

Hyoid bone

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8
Q

Is the larynx part of the URT or the LRT?

A

URT

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9
Q

Is the trachea part of the URT or the LRT?

A

LRT

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10
Q

There is one lobar bronchus for each of the __ lung lobes.

A

5

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11
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

The right lung has three lobes

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12
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

The left lung has two lobes

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13
Q

The left lung has __ lobes.

The right lung has __ lobes.

A

left has two

right has three

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14
Q

What name is given to the crevices which separate the lung lobes from one another?

A

Fissures

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15
Q

Lung lobes are separated by deep crevices called ___.

A

fissures

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16
Q

What lines the bronchial tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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17
Q

What are the two components of the mucociliary escalator?

A

Mucous secreted from mucous glands

Cilia which beat mucous superiorly towards the pharynx for ingestion

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18
Q

What can interfere with the function of the mucociliary escalator?

A

Cooling / drying of the mucosa

Toxins in cigarette smoke interfere with beating of cilia

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19
Q

What substance supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

___ ___ lines the respiratory tree.

___ ___ supports the trachea and bronchi.

A

Respiratory epithelium

Hyaline cartilage

21
Q

The amount of hyaline cartilage (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.

The amount of smooth muscle (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.

A

decreases

increases

22
Q

Why can bronchioles constrict and dilate?

A

Because they have prominent smooth muscle

23
Q

Alveolar walls are extremely ___.

A

thin

24
Q

What name is given to the sound made by air passing through constricted bronchioles?

A

Wheeze

25
Q

The larynx consists of several cartilages which help to keep it patent - what are they called?

A

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)

26
Q

The cartilages in the larynx are also protect the __ __.

A

vocal cords

27
Q

What is name given to the way into the larynx, protected by the epiglottis?

A

Laryngeal inlet

28
Q

What name is given to the narrowest part of the larynx?

A

Rima glottidis

29
Q

The __ __ is the narrowest part of the larynx, which tends to be blocked by foreign bodies.

A

rima glottidis

30
Q

Which structures close the rima glottidis upon inhalation of a foreign body?

A

Vocal cords

31
Q

Which kind of reflex aims to expel foreign bodies from the respiratory tract?

A

Cough reflex

32
Q

Which maneouvre raises intrathoracic pressure with the aim of expelling foreign bodies from a patient’s respiratory tract?

A

Heimlich Manouevre

33
Q

Which structures, found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, warm, humidify and “clean” the air we breathe?

A

Superior, middle and inferior conchae

34
Q

Which lymphatic structures, found along the pharynx, defend against infection?

A

Tonsils

35
Q

Which bones protect the posterior chest wall from penetrating injuries?

A

Scapulae

Ribs

Vertebrae (sort of)

36
Q

Which areas of the chest wall render us vulnerable to penetrating injuries?

A

Intercostal spaces

37
Q

Which joint connects the sternum to the clavicles?

A

Sternoclavicular joints

38
Q

What name is given to the superior aspect of the sternum?

A

Manubrium

39
Q

At what level is the sternal angle found?

A

Rib 2

40
Q

What name is given to the middle aspect of the sternum?

A

Body of the sternum

41
Q

What name is given to the most inferior aspect of the sternum?

A

Xiphoid process

42
Q

What name is given to the cartilage joining the false ribs to the body of the sternum?

A

Costal margin

43
Q

Cartilage connects the ribs to bone in three distinct ways. Name these joints.

A

Costochondral joint (rib to cartilage)

Sternocostal joint (sternum to cartilage)

Costovertebral joint (cartilage to vertebra)

44
Q

Which type of muscle are the muscles of breathing?

A

Skeletal muscle

45
Q

There are three layers of skeletal muscle found between the ribs - what are they called?

A

External intercostal muscles

Internal intercostal muscles

Innermost intercostal muscles

46
Q

What is the most important skeletal muscle involved in breathing?

A

Diaphragm

47
Q

What are the two layers of pleura which cover the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

48
Q

Where, relative to the pleural layers, is the pleural cavity found?

A

Between the parietal and visceral pleura

49
Q

What is found between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

Principles Anatomy (13 decks)

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