6: Respiratory

Question 1

What are the sections of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

1. Right and left nasal cavities (or the mouth)

2. Nasopharynx

3. Oropharynx

4. Laryngopharynx

5. Larynx

Question 2

What are the sections of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

1. Trachea

2. Right and left main bronchi

3. Lobar bronchi

4. Segmental bronchi

5. Bronchioles

6. Alveoli

Question 3

What is another name for the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 3

Respiratory tree

Question 4

At what level of the vertebral column does the URT become the LRT?

Answer 4

C6

Question 5

What transition occurs at the level of the C6 vertebra?

Answer 5

URT to LRT

(i.e larynx to trachea)

Question 6

Where are the vocal cords found?

Answer 6

The larynx

Question 7

Which bone, with no attachments to any other bone, is found anterior to the larynx?

Answer 7

Hyoid bone

Question 8

Is the larynx part of the URT or the LRT?

Answer 8

URT

Question 9

Is the trachea part of the URT or the LRT?

Answer 9

LRT

Question 10

There is one lobar bronchus for each of the __ lung lobes.

Answer 10

5

Question 11

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 11

The right lung has three lobes

Question 12

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 12

The left lung has two lobes

Question 13

The left lung has __ lobes.

The right lung has __ lobes.

Answer 13

left has two

right has three

Question 14

What name is given to the crevices which separate the lung lobes from one another?

Answer 14

Fissures

Question 15

Lung lobes are separated by deep crevices called ___.

Answer 15

fissures

Question 16

What lines the bronchial tree?

Answer 16

Respiratory epithelium

Question 17

What are the two components of the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 17

Mucous secreted from mucous glands

Cilia which beat mucous superiorly towards the pharynx for ingestion

Question 18

What can interfere with the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 18

Cooling / drying of the mucosa

Toxins in cigarette smoke interfere with beating of cilia

Question 19

What substance supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 19

Hyaline cartilage

Question 20

___ ___ lines the respiratory tree.

___ ___ supports the trachea and bronchi.

Answer 20

Respiratory epithelium

Hyaline cartilage

Question 21

The amount of hyaline cartilage (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.

The amount of smooth muscle (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.

Answer 21

decreases

increases

Question 22

Why can bronchioles constrict and dilate?

Answer 22

Because they have prominent smooth muscle

Question 23

Alveolar walls are extremely ___.

Answer 23

thin

Question 24

What name is given to the sound made by air passing through constricted bronchioles?

Answer 24

Wheeze

Question 25

The **larynx** consists of several **cartilages** which help to keep it patent - what are they called?

Answer 25

**Epiglottis** **Thyroid cartilage** **Cricoid cartilage** **2 arytenoid cartilages** (posteriorly)

Question 26

The cartilages in the larynx are also protect the __ \_\_.

Answer 26

**vocal cords**

Question 27

What is name given to the way into the larynx, protected by the epiglottis?

Answer 27

**Laryngeal inlet**

Question 28

What name is given to the **narrowest part** of the **larynx**?

Answer 28

**Rima glottidis**

Question 29

The __ \_\_ is the narrowest part of the larynx, which tends to be blocked by foreign bodies.

Answer 29

**rima glottidis**

Question 30

Which structures close the **rima glottidis** upon inhalation of a foreign body?

Answer 30

**Vocal cords**

Question 31

Which kind of reflex aims to expel foreign bodies from the respiratory tract?

Answer 31

**Cough reflex**

Question 32

Which maneouvre raises intrathoracic pressure with the aim of expelling foreign bodies from a patient's respiratory tract?

Answer 32

**Heimlich Manouevre**

Question 33

Which structures, found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, **warm, humidify** and **"clean"** the air we breathe?

Answer 33

**Superior, middle** and **inferior conchae**

Question 34

Which lymphatic structures, found along the pharynx, defend against infection?

Answer 34

**Tonsils**

Question 35

Which bones protect the **posterior chest wall** from penetrating injuries?

Answer 35

**Scapulae** **Ribs** **Vertebrae** (sort of)

Question 36

Which areas of the chest wall render us vulnerable to penetrating injuries?

Answer 36

**Intercostal spaces**

Question 37

Which joint connects the sternum to the clavicles?

Answer 37

**Sternoclavicular joints**

Question 38

What name is given to the superior aspect of the sternum?

Answer 38

**Manubrium**

Question 39

At what level is the **sternal angle** found?

Answer 39

**Rib 2**

Question 40

What name is given to the **middle aspect** of the sternum?

Answer 40

**Body** of the sternum

Question 41

What name is given to the most **inferior** aspect of the sternum?

Answer 41

**Xiphoid process**

Question 42

What name is given to the cartilage joining the **false ribs** to the **body** of the sternum?

Answer 42

**Costal margin**

Question 43

Cartilage connects the ribs to bone in **three distinct** ways. Name these joints.

Answer 43

**Costochondral** **joint** (rib to cartilage) **Sternocostal joint** (sternum to cartilage) **Costovertebral joint** (cartilage to vertebra)

Question 44

Which type of muscle are the **muscles of breathing**?

Answer 44

**Skeletal muscle**

Question 45

There are **three layers** of **skeletal muscle** found between the ribs - what are they called?

Answer 45

**External intercostal muscles** **Internal intercostal muscles** **Innermost intercostal muscles**

Question 46

What is the most important **skeletal muscle** involved in breathing?

Answer 46

**Diaphragm**

Question 47

What are the two layers of pleura which cover the lungs?

Answer 47

**Parietal pleura** **Visceral pleura**

Question 48

Where, relative to the pleural layers, is the **pleural cavity** found?

Answer 48

**Between the parietal and visceral pleura**

Question 49

What is found between the parietal and visceral pleura?

Answer 49

**Pleural cavity**