6: Respiratory Flashcards
What are the sections of the upper respiratory tract?
1. Right and left nasal cavities (or the mouth)
2. Nasopharynx
3. Oropharynx
4. Laryngopharynx
5. Larynx
What are the sections of the lower respiratory tract?
1. Trachea
2. Right and left main bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli
What is another name for the lower respiratory tract?
Respiratory tree
At what level of the vertebral column does the URT become the LRT?
C6
What transition occurs at the level of the C6 vertebra?
URT to LRT
(i.e larynx to trachea)
Where are the vocal cords found?
The larynx
Which bone, with no attachments to any other bone, is found anterior to the larynx?
Hyoid bone
Is the larynx part of the URT or the LRT?
URT
Is the trachea part of the URT or the LRT?
LRT
There is one lobar bronchus for each of the __ lung lobes.
5
How many lobes does the right lung have?
The right lung has three lobes
How many lobes does the left lung have?
The left lung has two lobes
The left lung has __ lobes.
The right lung has __ lobes.
left has two
right has three
What name is given to the crevices which separate the lung lobes from one another?
Fissures
Lung lobes are separated by deep crevices called ___.
fissures
What lines the bronchial tree?
Respiratory epithelium
What are the two components of the mucociliary escalator?
Mucous secreted from mucous glands
Cilia which beat mucous superiorly towards the pharynx for ingestion
What can interfere with the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Cooling / drying of the mucosa
Toxins in cigarette smoke interfere with beating of cilia
What substance supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?
Hyaline cartilage
___ ___ lines the respiratory tree.
___ ___ supports the trachea and bronchi.
Respiratory epithelium
Hyaline cartilage
The amount of hyaline cartilage (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.
The amount of smooth muscle (increases / decreases) distally in the respiratory tree.
decreases
increases
Why can bronchioles constrict and dilate?
Because they have prominent smooth muscle
Alveolar walls are extremely ___.
thin
What name is given to the sound made by air passing through constricted bronchioles?
Wheeze
The larynx consists of several cartilages which help to keep it patent - what are they called?
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
The cartilages in the larynx are also protect the __ __.
vocal cords
What is name given to the way into the larynx, protected by the epiglottis?
Laryngeal inlet
What name is given to the narrowest part of the larynx?
Rima glottidis
The __ __ is the narrowest part of the larynx, which tends to be blocked by foreign bodies.
rima glottidis
Which structures close the rima glottidis upon inhalation of a foreign body?
Vocal cords
Which kind of reflex aims to expel foreign bodies from the respiratory tract?
Cough reflex
Which maneouvre raises intrathoracic pressure with the aim of expelling foreign bodies from a patient’s respiratory tract?
Heimlich Manouevre
Which structures, found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, warm, humidify and “clean” the air we breathe?
Superior, middle and inferior conchae
Which lymphatic structures, found along the pharynx, defend against infection?
Tonsils
Which bones protect the posterior chest wall from penetrating injuries?
Scapulae
Ribs
Vertebrae (sort of)
Which areas of the chest wall render us vulnerable to penetrating injuries?
Intercostal spaces
Which joint connects the sternum to the clavicles?
Sternoclavicular joints
What name is given to the superior aspect of the sternum?
Manubrium
At what level is the sternal angle found?
Rib 2
What name is given to the middle aspect of the sternum?
Body of the sternum
What name is given to the most inferior aspect of the sternum?
Xiphoid process
What name is given to the cartilage joining the false ribs to the body of the sternum?
Costal margin
Cartilage connects the ribs to bone in three distinct ways. Name these joints.
Costochondral joint (rib to cartilage)
Sternocostal joint (sternum to cartilage)
Costovertebral joint (cartilage to vertebra)
Which type of muscle are the muscles of breathing?
Skeletal muscle
There are three layers of skeletal muscle found between the ribs - what are they called?
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
What is the most important skeletal muscle involved in breathing?
Diaphragm
What are the two layers of pleura which cover the lungs?
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Where, relative to the pleural layers, is the pleural cavity found?
Between the parietal and visceral pleura
What is found between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Pleural cavity
