11: Endocrine

Question 1

What is a hormone?

Answer 1

A chemical messenger

Question 2

What structures manufacture, store and release hormones?

Answer 2

Glands

Question 3

Name two processes which hormones regulate.

Answer 3

Metabolism

Growth

Pregnancy

Stress responses

Question 4

Hormones control (quick / lengthy) responses.

Answer 4

lengthy

Question 5

Nerves control (quick / lengthy) responses.

Answer 5

quick

Question 6

Blood hormone levels must be controlled to maintain ___.

Answer 6

homeostasis

Question 7

The activity of hormones is controlled by what type of physiological control mechanism?

Answer 7

Negative feedback

Question 8

___ is vital for normal cellular function.

Answer 8

Homeostasis

Question 9

Endocrine function can go wrong in two ways. What are they?

Answer 9

1. Target cell sensitivity to the hormone changes

2. Tumour causes HYPER or HYPO secretion in gland

Question 10

In negative feedback dysfunction, target cell ___ to a hormone may change.

Answer 10

sensitivity

Question 11

What hypersecretion of a hormone?

Answer 11

Too much hormone secreted

Question 12

What hyposecretion of a hormone?

Answer 12

Too little hormone secreted

Question 13

What are the endocrine glands found in the head?

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Question 14

What are the endocrine glands found in the neck?

Answer 14

Thyroid gland

4 parathyroid glands

Question 15

What are the endocrine glands found in the abdomen (retroperitoneal)?

Answer 15

Pancreas

2 adrenal glands

Question 16

What are the endocrine glands found in the pelvis (in females)?

Answer 16

2 ovaries

Question 17

What are the endocrine glands found in the perineum (in males)?

Answer 17

2 testes

Question 18

In the brain, the diencephalon is made up of which two structures?

Answer 18

Thalamus + hypothalamus

Question 19

The ___ is made up of the ___ and the hypothalamus.

Answer 19

diencephalon , thalamus

Question 20

Which cranial bone is the pituitary gland found superior to?

Answer 20

Sphenoid bone

Question 21

The pituitary gland sits in the ___ fossa of the ___ bone.

Answer 21

pituitary , sphenoid

Question 22

The pituitary gland is divided into two sections. What are they called?

Answer 22

Anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Question 23

The pituitary gland is sometimes called the ___ gland because its hormones control many other endocrine glands.

Answer 23

master

Question 24

Which structure joins the hypothalamus to the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 24

Infundibulum

Question 25

Which hormones does the **posterior pituitary gland** produce?

Answer 25

**Oxytocin** **ADH** (anti-diuretic hormone)

Question 26

Name a couple of hormones released by **anterior pituitary** **cells.**

Answer 26

**Growth hormone (GH)** **Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)** **Lutenising hormone (LH)** **Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)**

Question 27

Which structure secretes hormones which, in turn, stimulate the secretion of hormones from the **anterior pituitary gland**?

Answer 27

**Hypothalamus**

Question 28

What is a **portal system**?

Answer 28

**Two venous capillary beds** joined by a **portal vein**

Question 29

A **portal system** is made up of **two venous ___ beds** joined by a **\_\_\_ vein.**

Answer 29

**capillary , portal**

Question 30

Name a **portal vein** which connects the **intestines** and the **liver**.

Answer 30

**Hepatic portal vein**

Question 31

What does the **hepatic portal vein** connect?

Answer 31

**Intestinal capillary bed** to **Liver capillary bed**

Question 32

Where, in terms of the respiratory tract, is the **thyroid gland** found?

Answer 32

**Larynx**

Question 33

What structure connects the right and left lobes of the **thyroid** **gland**?

Answer 33

**Isthmus**

Question 34

Thyroid hormones **regulate** ___ and **stimulate** \_\_\_.

Answer 34

**metabolism , growth**

Question 35

Which chemical does the thyroid gland use to synthesise thyroid hormones?

Answer 35

**Iodine**

Question 36

Dietary lack of which chemical is thought to cause **hyperthyroidism** (goitre)?

Answer 36

**Iodine**

Question 37

Which hormone is secreted by the four **parathyroid glands**?

Answer 37

**PTH** (parathyroid hormone)

Question 38

What does **parathyroid** hormone regulate?

Answer 38

The amount of **Ca**²⁺ in blood and bone

Question 39

The parathyroid gland **(is / isn't****)** under control of the pituitary gland.

Answer 39

**isn't**

Question 40

Normal muscle and nerve function depends on blood __ levels.

Answer 40

**Ca²**⁺

Question 41

Which ion concentration, controlled by ___ released by the parathyroid glands, is essential for nerve and bone function?

Answer 41

**Ca²**⁺ Controlled by **PTH** (parathyroid hormone)

Question 42

Which arteries supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 42

**Right INFERIOR thyroid artery** **Left SUPERIOR thyroid artery**

Question 43

Be aware that the thyroid and parathyroid glands have an arterial and venous ___ supply.

Answer 43

**blood**

Question 44

Is the **pancreas** peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 44

**retroperitoneal**

Question 45

Which vertebrae does the **pancreas** overlie?

Answer 45

**L1** and **L2**

Question 46

The pancreas is **posterior** to which GI organ?

Answer 46

The **stomach** (duodenum flaps over it)

Question 47

The pancreas is both a \_\_\_gut and \_\_\_gut structure.

Answer 47

**foregut , midgut**

Question 48

Which **arteries** supply the pancreas?

Answer 48

**Coeliac trunk** **Superior mesenteric artery**

Question 49

Which **veins** drain the pancreas?

Answer 49

**Splenic vein** **Superior mesenteric vein**

Question 50

Is the pancreas under control of the **pituitary gland**?

Answer 50

No - contains its own receptors

Question 51

Which cells, in the pancreas, detect abnormal blood glucose levels?

Answer 51

**Islets of Langerhans** cells

Question 52

Which hormones does the endocrine pancreas produce?

Answer 52

**Insulin** **Glucagon**

Question 53

What does the **exocrine** pancreas produce?

Answer 53

**Digestive enzymes**

Question 54

The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes and secretes them into the GI via a **duct system**. Where in the GI tract are these enzymes secreted?

Answer 54

**Duodenum** (small intestine)

Question 55

Are the **adrenal** **glands** peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 55

**Retroperitoneal**

Question 56

The adrenal glands are found on top of which organs?

Answer 56

**The kidneys**

Question 57

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 57

**Adrenal cortex** **Adrenal medulla**

Question 58

Which hormone and neurotransmitter are secreted by the **adrenal medulla**?

Answer 58

**Adrenaline** **Noradrenaline**

Question 59

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for **fight or flight response**?

Answer 59

**Sympathetic**

Question 60

What does the **adrenal medulla** do during the sympathetic **fight or flight response**?

Answer 60

Secretes **adrenaline** and **noradrenaline** into the bloodstream

Question 61

Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?

Answer 61

The **suprarenal arteries** (superior, middle and inferior)

Question 62

Which hormone, released from the **anterior** pituitary gland, encourages the testes to secrete **testosterone**?

Answer 62

Lutenising hormone **(LH)**

Question 63

Which hormone is secreted by the testes?

Answer 63

**Testosterone**

Question 64

Which hormones are released from the **ovaries**?

Answer 64

**Oestrogen** **Progesterone**

Question 65

Which hormones, released by the **anterior pituitary gland**, trigger the release of **oestrogen** and **progesterone** from the ovaries?

Answer 65

**FSH** (follicle stimulating hormone) **LH** (lutenising hormone)

Question 66

Which hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?

Answer 66

**Progesterone**

Question 67

Which arteries supply the **gonads**? Which structure do they **branch** from?

Answer 67

**Gonadal arteries** **Abdominal aorta**