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Principles Anatomy > 11: Endocrine > Flashcards

11: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger

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2
Q

What structures manufacture, store and release hormones?

A

Glands

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3
Q

Name two processes which hormones regulate.

A

Metabolism

Growth

Pregnancy

Stress responses

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4
Q

Hormones control (quick / lengthy) responses.

A

lengthy

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5
Q

Nerves control (quick / lengthy) responses.

A

quick

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6
Q

Blood hormone levels must be controlled to maintain ___.

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

The activity of hormones is controlled by what type of physiological control mechanism?

A

Negative feedback

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8
Q

___ is vital for normal cellular function.

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

Endocrine function can go wrong in two ways. What are they?

A

1. Target cell sensitivity to the hormone changes

2. Tumour causes HYPER or HYPO secretion in gland

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10
Q

In negative feedback dysfunction, target cell ___ to a hormone may change.

A

sensitivity

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11
Q

What hypersecretion of a hormone?

A

Too much hormone secreted

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12
Q

What hyposecretion of a hormone?

A

Too little hormone secreted

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13
Q

What are the endocrine glands found in the head?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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14
Q

What are the endocrine glands found in the neck?

A

Thyroid gland

4 parathyroid glands

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15
Q

What are the endocrine glands found in the abdomen (retroperitoneal)?

A

Pancreas

2 adrenal glands

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16
Q

What are the endocrine glands found in the pelvis (in females)?

A

2 ovaries

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17
Q

What are the endocrine glands found in the perineum (in males)?

A

2 testes

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18
Q

In the brain, the diencephalon is made up of which two structures?

A

Thalamus + hypothalamus

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19
Q

The ___ is made up of the ___ and the hypothalamus.

A

diencephalon , thalamus

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20
Q

Which cranial bone is the pituitary gland found superior to?

A

Sphenoid bone

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21
Q

The pituitary gland sits in the ___ fossa of the ___ bone.

A

pituitary , sphenoid

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22
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into two sections. What are they called?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary glands

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23
Q

The pituitary gland is sometimes called the ___ gland because its hormones control many other endocrine glands.

A

master

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24
Q

Which structure joins the hypothalamus to the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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25
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Oxytocin

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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26
Q

Name a couple of hormones released by anterior pituitary cells.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Lutenising hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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27
Q

Which structure secretes hormones which, in turn, stimulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein

29
Q

A portal system is made up of two venous ___ beds joined by a ___ vein.

A

capillary , portal

30
Q

Name a portal vein which connects the intestines and the liver.

A

Hepatic portal vein

31
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

Intestinal capillary bed

to

Liver capillary bed

32
Q

Where, in terms of the respiratory tract, is the thyroid gland found?

A

Larynx

33
Q

What structure connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus

34
Q

Thyroid hormones regulate ___ and stimulate ___.

A

metabolism , growth

35
Q

Which chemical does the thyroid gland use to synthesise thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

36
Q

Dietary lack of which chemical is thought to cause hyperthyroidism (goitre)?

A

Iodine

37
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the four parathyroid glands?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

38
Q

What does parathyroid hormone regulate?

A

The amount of Ca2+ in blood and bone

39
Q

The parathyroid gland (is / isn’t) under control of the pituitary gland.

A

isn’t

40
Q

Normal muscle and nerve function depends on blood __ levels.

A

Ca2+

41
Q

Which ion concentration, controlled by ___ released by the parathyroid glands, is essential for nerve and bone function?

A

Ca2+

Controlled by PTH (parathyroid hormone)

42
Q

Which arteries supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right INFERIOR thyroid artery

Left SUPERIOR thyroid artery

43
Q

Be aware that the thyroid and parathyroid glands have an arterial and venous ___ supply.

A

blood

44
Q

Is the pancreas peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

45
Q

Which vertebrae does the pancreas overlie?

A

L1 and L2

46
Q

The pancreas is posterior to which GI organ?

A

The stomach (duodenum flaps over it)

47
Q

The pancreas is both a ___gut and ___gut structure.

A

foregut , midgut

48
Q

Which arteries supply the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

49
Q

Which veins drain the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

Superior mesenteric vein

50
Q

Is the pancreas under control of the pituitary gland?

A

No - contains its own receptors

51
Q

Which cells, in the pancreas, detect abnormal blood glucose levels?

A

Islets of Langerhans cells

52
Q

Which hormones does the endocrine pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

53
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Digestive enzymes

54
Q

The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes and secretes them into the GI via a duct system. Where in the GI tract are these enzymes secreted?

A

Duodenum (small intestine)

55
Q

Are the adrenal glands peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

56
Q

The adrenal glands are found on top of which organs?

A

The kidneys

57
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland called?

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

58
Q

Which hormone and neurotransmitter are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

59
Q

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response?

A

Sympathetic

60
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do during the sympathetic fight or flight response?

A

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream

61
Q

Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?

A

The suprarenal arteries (superior, middle and inferior)

62
Q

Which hormone, released from the anterior pituitary gland, encourages the testes to secrete testosterone?

A

Lutenising hormone (LH)

63
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the testes?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

Which hormones are released from the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

65
Q

Which hormones, released by the anterior pituitary gland, trigger the release of oestrogen and progesterone from the ovaries?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (lutenising hormone)

66
Q

Which hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

67
Q

Which arteries supply the gonads?

Which structure do they branch from?

A

Gonadal arteries

Abdominal aorta

Principles Anatomy (13 decks)

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