11: Endocrine Flashcards
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger
What structures manufacture, store and release hormones?
Glands
Name two processes which hormones regulate.
Metabolism
Growth
Pregnancy
Stress responses
Hormones control (quick / lengthy) responses.
lengthy
Nerves control (quick / lengthy) responses.
quick
Blood hormone levels must be controlled to maintain ___.
homeostasis
The activity of hormones is controlled by what type of physiological control mechanism?
Negative feedback
___ is vital for normal cellular function.
Homeostasis
Endocrine function can go wrong in two ways. What are they?
1. Target cell sensitivity to the hormone changes
2. Tumour causes HYPER or HYPO secretion in gland
In negative feedback dysfunction, target cell ___ to a hormone may change.
sensitivity
What hypersecretion of a hormone?
Too much hormone secreted
What hyposecretion of a hormone?
Too little hormone secreted
What are the endocrine glands found in the head?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
What are the endocrine glands found in the neck?
Thyroid gland
4 parathyroid glands
What are the endocrine glands found in the abdomen (retroperitoneal)?
Pancreas
2 adrenal glands
What are the endocrine glands found in the pelvis (in females)?
2 ovaries
What are the endocrine glands found in the perineum (in males)?
2 testes
In the brain, the diencephalon is made up of which two structures?
Thalamus + hypothalamus
The ___ is made up of the ___ and the hypothalamus.
diencephalon , thalamus
Which cranial bone is the pituitary gland found superior to?
Sphenoid bone
The pituitary gland sits in the ___ fossa of the ___ bone.
pituitary , sphenoid
The pituitary gland is divided into two sections. What are they called?
Anterior and posterior pituitary glands
The pituitary gland is sometimes called the ___ gland because its hormones control many other endocrine glands.
master
Which structure joins the hypothalamus to the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?
Oxytocin
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
Name a couple of hormones released by anterior pituitary cells.
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which structure secretes hormones which, in turn, stimulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What is a portal system?
Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein
A portal system is made up of two venous ___ beds joined by a ___ vein.
capillary , portal
Name a portal vein which connects the intestines and the liver.
Hepatic portal vein
What does the hepatic portal vein connect?
Intestinal capillary bed
to
Liver capillary bed
Where, in terms of the respiratory tract, is the thyroid gland found?
Larynx
What structure connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus
Thyroid hormones regulate ___ and stimulate ___.
metabolism , growth
Which chemical does the thyroid gland use to synthesise thyroid hormones?
Iodine
Dietary lack of which chemical is thought to cause hyperthyroidism (goitre)?
Iodine
Which hormone is secreted by the four parathyroid glands?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What does parathyroid hormone regulate?
The amount of Ca2+ in blood and bone
The parathyroid gland (is / isn’t) under control of the pituitary gland.
isn’t
Normal muscle and nerve function depends on blood __ levels.
Ca2+
Which ion concentration, controlled by ___ released by the parathyroid glands, is essential for nerve and bone function?
Ca2+
Controlled by PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Which arteries supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Right INFERIOR thyroid artery
Left SUPERIOR thyroid artery
Be aware that the thyroid and parathyroid glands have an arterial and venous ___ supply.
blood
Is the pancreas peritoneal or retroperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
Which vertebrae does the pancreas overlie?
L1 and L2
The pancreas is posterior to which GI organ?
The stomach (duodenum flaps over it)
The pancreas is both a ___gut and ___gut structure.
foregut , midgut
Which arteries supply the pancreas?
Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Which veins drain the pancreas?
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Is the pancreas under control of the pituitary gland?
No - contains its own receptors
Which cells, in the pancreas, detect abnormal blood glucose levels?
Islets of Langerhans cells
Which hormones does the endocrine pancreas produce?
Insulin
Glucagon
What does the exocrine pancreas produce?
Digestive enzymes
The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes and secretes them into the GI via a duct system. Where in the GI tract are these enzymes secreted?
Duodenum (small intestine)
Are the adrenal glands peritoneal or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
The adrenal glands are found on top of which organs?
The kidneys
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland called?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Which hormone and neurotransmitter are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response?
Sympathetic
What does the adrenal medulla do during the sympathetic fight or flight response?
Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream
Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?
The suprarenal arteries (superior, middle and inferior)
Which hormone, released from the anterior pituitary gland, encourages the testes to secrete testosterone?
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Which hormone is secreted by the testes?
Testosterone
Which hormones are released from the ovaries?
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Which hormones, released by the anterior pituitary gland, trigger the release of oestrogen and progesterone from the ovaries?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (lutenising hormone)
Which hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?
Progesterone
Which arteries supply the gonads?
Which structure do they branch from?
Gonadal arteries
Abdominal aorta
