7: Upper GI

Question 1

Where does the gastrointestinal tract start?

Answer 1

Oral cavity

Question 2

Where does the gastrointestinal tract end?

Answer 2

Anus

Question 3

Generally, what three events occur in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 3

1. Introduction of food and liquids to the body

2. Digestion and absorption of nutrients

3. Excretion of waste

Question 4

___ lines the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 4

Mucosa

Question 5

Name, in descending order, the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 5

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Anal cavity –> anus

Question 6

What organs are included in the upper GI tract?

Answer 6

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Question 7

What organs are included in the lower GI tract?

Answer 7

Large intestine (caecum, appendix, colon)

Rectum

Anal canal

Anus

Question 8

What divides the upper and lower GI tracts?

Answer 8

Ileocecal junction

Question 9

At which joint does opening and closing of the jaw occur?

Answer 9

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 10

Generally, which muscles control the opening and closing of the jaw?

Answer 10

Muscles of mastication (chewing)

Question 11

What are the four muscles of mastication?

Answer 11

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

Question 12

Which muscles of mastication close the jaw?

Answer 12

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Question 13

Which muscles of mastication open the jaw?

Answer 13

Lateral pterygoid

Question 14

Which group of muscles prevent drooling?

Answer 14

Muscles of facial expression

Question 15

What is the circular muscle surrounding the mouth which prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing?

Answer 15

Orbicularis oris

Question 16

What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

Answer 16

Circular muscle surrounding the mouth, prevents drooling / dribbling

Question 17

What is the dangly bit at the end of the soft palate in the oral cavity, commonly mistaken as your tonsils?

Answer 17

Uvula

Question 18

The oral cavity is lined with ___.

More specifically, what type of epithelium is?

Answer 18

mucosa

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

The oral cavity is one of the most ___ body areas.

Answer 19

sensitive

Question 20

What is the special sensation associated with the oral cavity?

Answer 20

Taste

Question 21

What kind of muscle is the tongue made of?

Answer 21

Skeletal muscle

Question 22

The tongue is lined with ___.

Answer 22

mucosa

Question 23

What is the top surface of the tongue called?

Answer 23

Dorsum of the tongue

Question 24

What are the finger-like structures found on the tongue?

Answer 24

Papillae

Question 25

Name the **three types of papillae** associated with **taste.**

Answer 25

**Foliate** **Vallate** **Fungiform**

Question 26

Name the type of papillae associated with other sensations (temperature, touch, etc.).

Answer 26

**Filiform**

Question 27

**Fungiform, filiform, vallate, foliate** Arrange these types of **papillae** into those responsible for **taste** and those not.

Answer 27

**TASTE:** Foliate, Vallate, Fungiform **NOT:** Filiform

Question 28

Which muscle positions food between the teeth for easier mastication?

Answer 28

**Buccinator**

Question 29

Where is the **buccinator** muscle found? What does it do?

Answer 29

**The cheek** (buccal) ## Footnote **Positions food between teeth for mastication**

Question 30

How many quadrants of teeth are there?

Answer 30

**4 quadrants...**

Question 31

How many teeth are found in each **quadrant** of dentition?

Answer 31

**8 teeth** per quadrant

Question 32

How many teeth should adults have in total? (Hint: remember the number in each quadrant.)

Answer 32

**32 teeth in total** **4 quadrants, 8 teeth per quadrant**

Question 33

Say you're looking at a quadrant of teeth. What are the following teeth **called:** **1.** Teeth 1 and 2 **2.** Tooth 3 **3.** Teeth 4 and 5 **4.** Teeth 6, 7 and 8 **5.** Tooth 8 in particular?

Answer 33

Teeth **1** and **2** are the **incisors** Tooth **3** is the **canine** Teeth **4** and **5** are the **premolars** Teeth **6, 7** and **8** are the **molars** **Tooth 8** is also known as a **"wisdom tooth"**

Question 34

Which teeth are the **premolars**?

Answer 34

**4** and **5**

Question 35

Which teeth are the **incisors**?

Answer 35

Teeth **1** and **2**

Question 36

Which teeth are the **molars**?

Answer 36

Teeth **6, 7** and **8**

Question 37

Which tooth is the **canine**?

Answer 37

Tooth **3**

Question 38

Which tooth is the **wisdom tooth**?

Answer 38

Tooth **8**

Question 39

What is a patient's **occlusion**?

Answer 39

Their **bite** - i.e how the upper and lower dental arches **fit together**

Question 40

In a dental context, what question should be asked to any patient with a suspected fracture of the **mandible** or **axilla**?

Answer 40

**"How does your bite feel?"**

Question 41

What produces the **saliva** we use to taste food and lubricate our GI tracts?

Answer 41

**Salivary glands**

Question 42

What is the lubricant, found in saliva, which aids swallowing and speech?

Answer 42

**Mucin**

Question 43

Where are the **major salivary glands** found?

Answer 43

**Parotid** (near ear) **Submandibular** (under the mandible) **Sublingual** (under the tongue)

Question 44

What is the purpose of the thousands of **minor salivary glands** found in the oral mucosa?

Answer 44

**Keep the mucosa moist**

Question 45

What are the three parts of the **pharynx**?

Answer 45

**Nasopharynx** **Oropharynx** **Laryngopharynx**

Question 46

Muscles controlling **peristalsis** are found in the \_\_\_.

Answer 46

**pharynx**

Question 47

What is **aspiration**?

Answer 47

Inhalation of ingested material

Question 48

What is the **function** of the oesophagus?

Answer 48

**Transmission of food** and **liquids** from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 49

In the oesophagus, there is gradual transition from ___ to ___ muscle.

Answer 49

**skeletal , smooth**