7: Upper GI Flashcards
Where does the gastrointestinal tract start?
Oral cavity
Where does the gastrointestinal tract end?
Anus
Generally, what three events occur in the gastrointestinal tract?
1. Introduction of food and liquids to the body
2. Digestion and absorption of nutrients
3. Excretion of waste
___ lines the gastrointestinal tract.
Mucosa
Name, in descending order, the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal cavity –> anus
What organs are included in the upper GI tract?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
What organs are included in the lower GI tract?
Large intestine (caecum, appendix, colon)
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
What divides the upper and lower GI tracts?
Ileocecal junction
At which joint does opening and closing of the jaw occur?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Generally, which muscles control the opening and closing of the jaw?
Muscles of mastication (chewing)
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Which muscles of mastication close the jaw?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Which muscles of mastication open the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid
Which group of muscles prevent drooling?
Muscles of facial expression
What is the circular muscle surrounding the mouth which prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing?
Orbicularis oris
What is the function of the orbicularis oris?
Circular muscle surrounding the mouth, prevents drooling / dribbling
What is the dangly bit at the end of the soft palate in the oral cavity, commonly mistaken as your tonsils?
Uvula
The oral cavity is lined with ___.
More specifically, what type of epithelium is?
mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
The oral cavity is one of the most ___ body areas.
sensitive
What is the special sensation associated with the oral cavity?
Taste
What kind of muscle is the tongue made of?
Skeletal muscle
The tongue is lined with ___.
mucosa
What is the top surface of the tongue called?
Dorsum of the tongue
What are the finger-like structures found on the tongue?
Papillae
Name the three types of papillae associated with taste.
Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Name the type of papillae associated with other sensations (temperature, touch, etc.).
Filiform
Fungiform, filiform, vallate, foliate
Arrange these types of papillae into those responsible for taste and those not.
TASTE: Foliate, Vallate, Fungiform
NOT: Filiform
Which muscle positions food between the teeth for easier mastication?
Buccinator
Where is the buccinator muscle found?
What does it do?
The cheek (buccal)
Positions food between teeth for mastication
How many quadrants of teeth are there?
4 quadrants…
How many teeth are found in each quadrant of dentition?
8 teeth per quadrant
How many teeth should adults have in total? (Hint: remember the number in each quadrant.)
32 teeth in total
4 quadrants, 8 teeth per quadrant
Say you’re looking at a quadrant of teeth. What are the following teeth called:
1. Teeth 1 and 2
2. Tooth 3
3. Teeth 4 and 5
4. Teeth 6, 7 and 8
5. Tooth 8 in particular?
Teeth 1 and 2 are the incisors
Tooth 3 is the canine
Teeth 4 and 5 are the premolars
Teeth 6, 7 and 8 are the molars
Tooth 8 is also known as a “wisdom tooth”
Which teeth are the premolars?
4 and 5
Which teeth are the incisors?
Teeth 1 and 2
Which teeth are the molars?
Teeth 6, 7 and 8
Which tooth is the canine?
Tooth 3
Which tooth is the wisdom tooth?
Tooth 8
What is a patient’s occlusion?
Their bite - i.e how the upper and lower dental arches fit together
In a dental context, what question should be asked to any patient with a suspected fracture of the mandible or axilla?
“How does your bite feel?”
What produces the saliva we use to taste food and lubricate our GI tracts?
Salivary glands
What is the lubricant, found in saliva, which aids swallowing and speech?
Mucin
Where are the major salivary glands found?
Parotid (near ear)
Submandibular (under the mandible)
Sublingual (under the tongue)
What is the purpose of the thousands of minor salivary glands found in the oral mucosa?
Keep the mucosa moist
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Muscles controlling peristalsis are found in the ___.
pharynx
What is aspiration?
Inhalation of ingested material
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Transmission of food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach
In the oesophagus, there is gradual transition from ___ to ___ muscle.
skeletal , smooth
