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Principles Anatomy > 3: Muscles and movement > Flashcards

3: Muscles and movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

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2
Q

Which type(s) of muscle are striated?

What does this mean?

A

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

repeated units of muscle (sarcomeres) giving rise to a streaky appearance.

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3
Q

Which type(s) of muscle are non-striated?

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

Name the units of skeletal muscle from a microscopic to gross level.

A

Actin & myosin filaments

⇒ Myofibrils

⇒ Myocytes

⇒ Fascicles

⇒ Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Muscle strains result from ___ muscle fibres.

A

torn

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6
Q

Skeletal muscles can only move a joint if they ___ it.

A

cross

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7
Q

Muscles (lengthen / shorten) during contraction.

A

shorten

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8
Q

What structures attach muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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9
Q

What are tendons?

Can they contract?

A

Structures which connect muscle to bone

They are non-contractile

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10
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A flattened tendon

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11
Q

Aponeuroses (flattened tendons) are usually associated with ___ muscles. They attach muscle to (bone / soft tissue).

A

flat

soft tissue

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12
Q

Skeletal muscles have at least two points of attachment to bone. What are they called?

A

Origins

Insertions

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13
Q

In terms of the origin and insertion, what is the only thing a skeletal muscle can do?

A

Shorten the distance between the origin and insertion along the long axis

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14
Q

During contraction, the origin and insertion move (closer together / further apart).

A

closer together

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15
Q

The biceps brachii has:

_ origin(s)

_ insertion(s)

A

2 origins

1 insertion

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16
Q

The direction of movement produced by a muscle depends on which __ of the joint the muscle spans.

A

side

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17
Q

What is a reflex?

What function do reflexes serve?

A

A rapid, predictable, involuntary movement made in response to “danger”

Protective function

18
Q

When we touch something potentially damaging, there is sudden __ to withdraw from the danger.

A

flexion

19
Q

What reflex involves sudden flexion to distance the limb from danger?

A

Flexion withdrawal reflex

20
Q

Nerve connections involved in reflex responses are found in the (brain / spinal cord).

A

spinal cord

The brain is not involved in reflex responses.

21
Q

What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

A

Stretch reflex

Flexion withdrawal reflex

22
Q

The normal reflex response to being stretched is to ___.

A

contract

23
Q

Which reflex involves contraction after the unexpected stretch of a muscle?

A

Stretch reflex

24
Q

What are some other names for the stretch reflex?

A

Biceps jerk

Triceps jerk

Knee jerk

Ankle jerk

25
Q

The stretch reflex is protective against ___.

A

overstretching

26
Q

Briefly describe the reflex arc response to muscle stretch.

A

1. Overstretching detected by sensory nerve

2. Sensory nerve sends impulse to synapse in spinal cord

3. Spinal cord passes message to motor nerve which induces contraction in the muscle

27
Q

What name can be given to the route taken by action potentials following unexpected muscle stretch?

A

Reflex arc

28
Q

A normal stretch reflex indicates that what is working?

A

The muscle

Sensory nerve fibres

Motor nerve fibres

Spinal cord connections

Neuromuscular junction

“Descending controls” from the brain

29
Q

What is paralysis?

A

A muscle without a functioning motor supply

30
Q

A paralysed muscle (can / cannot) contract.

A

cannot

31
Q

On contraction, a paralysed muscle would have (increased / reduced) tone.

A

reduced

32
Q

What is spasticity?

A

When a muscle has a functioning motor nerve but descending controls from the brain don’t work - random contraction

33
Q

On examination, a spastic muscle would have (increased / reduced) tone.

A

increased

34
Q

What is atrophy?

What causes atrophy?

A

Muscle wasting - myocytes become smaller to reduce muscle bulk

Inactivity

35
Q

What happens to individual myocytes during hypertrophy?

A

Each individual myocyte enlarges

36
Q

Skeletal muscle is found (superficial / deep) to the deep fascia.

A

deep

37
Q

Within the deep fascia, muscles are held within ___.

A

compartments

38
Q

What can caused increased pressure within muscle compartments?

A

Swelling of tissues

Increase in fluid (e.g bleeding)

39
Q

Increased pressure in muscle compartments (positively / negatively) affects the function of muscles and nerves in the compartments

A

negatively

40
Q

What procedure would be carried out to treat Compartment Syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy

Principles Anatomy (13 decks)

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