12: Renal

Question 1

What is another name for the renal system?

Answer 1

The urinary tract

Question 2

The kidneys regulate many different body variables and so are essential for maintaining ___.

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

What passes through the renal system on its way to being excreted?

Answer 3

Urine

Question 4

In which organ is urine produced?

Answer 4

Kidneys

Question 5

Which duct drains urine from the kidneys?

In which organ does the drained urine end up?

Answer 5

Ureter

Bladder

Question 6

Which organ stores urine which has been drained from the kidneys?

Answer 6

Bladder

Question 7

Which tube allows for the excretion of urine after it has been stored in the bladder?

Answer 7

Urethra

Question 8

What is expelled from the urethra in males?

Answer 8

Urine

Semen

Question 9

The renal system filters ___.

Answer 9

blood

Question 10

How is the bladder adapted for urine storage and voiding (emptying)?

Answer 10

Its epithelial cells can STRETCH when the bladder is full

Question 11

Which type of epithelium lines the ureter up until the upper urethra?

Answer 11

Transitional epithelium

Question 12

Which type of epithelium lines the distal urethra?

Answer 12

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 13

Ureters

Urethra

Kidneys

Bladder

Arrange these renal system organs in order of urine production to secretion.

Answer 13

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Question 14

How many ureters are there?

Answer 14

Two

one for each kidney.

Question 15

Which structures are classed as being in the upper urinary tract?

Answer 15

Kidneys

Ureters

Question 16

Which organs are classed as being in the lower urinary tract?

Answer 16

Bladder

Urethra

Question 17

Which organ(s) would be involved in an upper urinary tract infection?

Answer 17

Kidneys

Question 18

Which organ(s) would be involved in a lower urinary tract infection?

Answer 18

Bladder

Urethra

Question 19

Where, in terms of body cavities, are the kidneys found?

Answer 19

Abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

Question 20

Where, in terms of body cavities, are the proximal ureters found?

Answer 20

Abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

Question 21

Are the kidneys peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 21

Retroperitoneal

Question 22

Are the proximal ureters peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 22

Retroperitoneal

Question 23

Where, in terms of body cavities, is the bladder found?

Answer 23

Pelvic cavity

Question 24

The (proximal / distal) ureters, bladder and (proximal / distal) urethra are found in the pelvic cavity.

Answer 24

distal ureters

proximal urethra

Question 25

Where is the **distal** part of the **urethra** found?

Answer 25

**Perineum**

Question 26

Given the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity, from which side of the body are they more likely to be palpated?

Answer 26

**Posterior aspect**

Question 27

In which **abdominal quadrants** are the right and left kidneys found?

Answer 27

**Left kidney** - LUQ **Right kidney** - RUQ Regions: **Left and right lumbar regions posteriorly**

Question 28

Which aspects of the **vertebral column** protect the kidneys?

Answer 28

**Transverse processes**

Question 29

What ribs protect the kidneys?

Answer 29

**Ribs 11 & 12** (floating ribs)

Question 30

What organ forces the right kidney down somewhat?

Answer 30

**Liver**

Question 31

Be aware that there are many layers of ___ which protect the kidneys.

Answer 31

**fascia**

Question 32

Which structures are found in the **renal hilum**?

Answer 32

**Ureter** **Renal artery** **Renal vein**

Question 33

What is the innermost layer of tissue protecting the kidneys?

Answer 33

**Renal capsule**

Question 34

Which **arteries** supply the ureters?

Answer 34

**Renal arteries** **Gonadal arteries** **Aorta**

Question 35

What is the basic **structural** and **functional** unit of the kidney?

Answer 35

**Nephron**

Question 36

\_\_ **segmental branches** arise from each ___ **artery** to supply nephrons.

Answer 36

**Five** **renal**

Question 37

Which veins **drain** the kidneys?

Answer 37

**Right** and **left renal veins**

Question 38

Which renal vein is longer? Why?

Answer 38

**Left renal vein** It has to cross the **aorta** and drain into the **IVC**

Question 39

Where do the **renal veins** and the **gonadal veins** drain?

Answer 39

**Inferior vena cava (IVC)**

Question 40

Similar to the adrenal glands, what are the two main aspects of the **kidney**?

Answer 40

**Cortex** (outer) **Medulla** (inner)

Question 41

After urine has passed through the **collecting ducts** of the nephrons, where does it drain into?

Answer 41

**Ureter**

Question 42

From the **nephron's collecting ducts** to the **ureter**, the **diameter** of urine drainage **increases** until constriction at which structure?

Answer 42

**Pelviureteric junction**

Question 43

What is a colloquial name for **renal calculi**?

Answer 43

**Kidney stones**

Question 44

What are **renal calculi** made up of?

Answer 44

**Calcium oxalate** **Calcium** **phosphate**

Question 45

**Renal calculi** tend to be visible on which imaging modality?

Answer 45

**USS**

Question 46

At which three sites can the **ureter** be obstructed?

Answer 46

1. **Pelviureteric junction** 2. Ureter's crossing over the **common iliac artery** 3. **Ureteric orifice** (opening into bladder)

Question 47

Name an example of an **internal obstruction** which can block the ureter.

Answer 47

**Renal calculus** within the lumen ## Footnote **Blood clot**

Question 48

What is **haematuria**?

Answer 48

**Passing blood in the urine**

Question 49

Name an example of **external obstruction** which can block the ureter.

Answer 49

**Expanding tumour** in another structure (e.g the Gi tract)

Question 50

Which type of muscle makes up the walls of the **ureter**?

Answer 50

**Smooth muscle**

Question 51

# Think GI tract! By which process does the body try to clear obstructions from the ureter?

Answer 51

**Peristalsis**

Question 52

Which kind of pain is associated with **peristalsis** in an attempt to clear ureteric obstruction?

Answer 52

Pain which **"comes and goes"** Also known as **renal colic**

Question 53

What kind of pain comes and goes in relation to peristalsis in the ureter?

Answer 53

**Renal colic**

Question 54

What is **micturition**?

Answer 54

**Ejection of urine from the urethra via the bladder** i.e peeing

Question 55

What is the **bladder**?

Answer 55

A "bag" which stores urine

Question 56

What are the two areas of the **bladder**?

Answer 56

**Apex** **Trigone**

Question 57

Does the apex **stretch** as the bladder fills?

Answer 57

**Yeah**

Question 58

Does the **trigone** stretch as the bladder expands? Why?

Answer 58

**No** So the **orifices aren't blocked**

Question 59

Which muscle, found in the bladder, **contracts** **during micturition**?

Answer 59

**Detrusor**

Question 60

Bladder sphincters are **(voluntary / involuntary)**.

Answer 60

**involuntary**

Question 61

Which condition, common in older men, can result in difficulty urinating or involuntary urination?

Answer 61

**Benign prostatic hyperplasia**

Question 62

How does a **suprapubic** catheter reach the bladder?

Answer 62

Via the **anterior abdominal wall**

Question 63

How does a **urinary catheter** reach the bladder?

Answer 63

**Via the urethra**

Question 64

Why are **urinary tract infections** more common in females?

Answer 64

Their urethras are **short, distensible** and more **open**

Question 65

What is **renal failure**?

Answer 65

Failure to **filter the blood to produce urine**

Question 66

Urinary tract obstruction causes back pressure, which can lead to ___ \_\_\_.

Answer 66

**renal failure**