1: Bones, cartilage and fractures Flashcards
What is the dense, outer part of a bone called?
Cortex
What type of bone makes up the dense outer cortex?
Compact (cortical) bone
What is the porous, inner part of a bone called?
Medulla
What type of bone makes up the porous inner medulla?
Spongy (trabecular) bone
Apart from spongy bone, what is found in the medulla?
Bone marrow
What happens in the bone marrow?
Production of red and white blood cells
What is the name of the fibrous sleeve which covers bones?
Periosteum
The periosteum is ___ - this allows it to supply compact bone with blood.
vascularised
Why are bone fractures extremely painful?
The periosteum - which is well innervated - tears
In ossification, ___ ___ turns into bone.
hyaline cartilage
Ossification commonly occurs in long bones - give two examples.
Humerus Femur
What, when ossified, signals the end of bone growth?
Epiphyseal growth plate (see diagram)
Which two bones are especially prone to fracture?
Neck of the femur Clavicle
What two features of the neck of the femur make it especially prone to fracture?
Less compact bone Thin, angled structure
Fractures of the clavicle are common when children fall onto their outstretched ___.
hands
What forms at the site of the break during fracture healing?
Callus
What does “reduced” mean in the context of fracture treatment?
The bone ends have been realigned with one another
What does “fixed” mean in the context of fracture treatment?
The bones have been held together in the correct alignment
What does “fossa” mean?
A depressed area
What is a foramen?
A hole in bone for the passage of other structures
The skull can be divided into two areas - what are they called?
Neurocranium (bones of the cranial vault) Viscerocranium (bones of the facial skeleton)
The line dividing the neurocranium and the viscerocranium is called the ___ of the skull.
base
Name the vertebral sections and the number of bones within each.
7 cervical bones (C1-C7)
12 thoracic bones (T1-T12)
5 lumbar bones (L1-L5)
Sacrum (S1-S5)
Coccyx (C1-C4)
Ribs 1-7 are __ ribs.
true
What are the true ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?
Ribs 1-7 Via costal cartilages
Ribs 8-10 are __ ribs.
false
What are the false ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?
Ribs 8-10 Via one common costal cartilage
Ribs 11 and 12 are __ ribs.
floating
What are the floating ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?
Ribs 11 and 12 They don’t attach to the sternum
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Left and right scapulae
Left and right clavicles
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones
Sacrum
Where specifically is the arm?
Between the shoulder and elbow joints
What lies between the elbow and wrist joints?
Forearm
The hand is distal to the ___.
forearm
Where specifically is the thigh?
Between the hip and knee joint
Where specifically is the leg?
Between the knee and ankle joint
The foot is distal to the (thigh / leg / ankle).
technically all of the above
best answer is the ankle
