1: Bones, cartilage and fractures

Question 1

What is the dense, outer part of a bone called?

Answer 1

Cortex

Question 2

What type of bone makes up the dense outer cortex?

Answer 2

Compact (cortical) bone

Question 3

What is the porous, inner part of a bone called?

Answer 3

Medulla

Question 4

What type of bone makes up the porous inner medulla?

Answer 4

Spongy (trabecular) bone

Question 5

Apart from spongy bone, what is found in the medulla?

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

What happens in the bone marrow?

Answer 6

Production of red and white blood cells

Question 7

What is the name of the fibrous sleeve which covers bones?

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

The periosteum is ___ - this allows it to supply compact bone with blood.

Answer 8

vascularised

Question 9

Why are bone fractures extremely painful?

Answer 9

The periosteum - which is well innervated - tears

Question 10

In ossification, ___ ___ turns into bone.

Answer 10

hyaline cartilage

Question 11

Ossification commonly occurs in long bones - give two examples.

Answer 11

Humerus Femur

Question 12

What, when ossified, signals the end of bone growth?

Answer 12

Epiphyseal growth plate (see diagram)

Question 13

Which two bones are especially prone to fracture?

Answer 13

Neck of the femur Clavicle

Question 14

What two features of the neck of the femur make it especially prone to fracture?

Answer 14

Less compact bone Thin, angled structure

Question 15

Fractures of the clavicle are common when children fall onto their outstretched ___.

Answer 15

hands

Question 16

What forms at the site of the break during fracture healing?

Answer 16

Callus

Question 17

What does “reduced” mean in the context of fracture treatment?

Answer 17

The bone ends have been realigned with one another

Question 18

What does “fixed” mean in the context of fracture treatment?

Answer 18

The bones have been held together in the correct alignment

Question 19

What does “fossa” mean?

Answer 19

A depressed area

Question 20

What is a foramen?

Answer 20

A hole in bone for the passage of other structures

Question 21

The skull can be divided into two areas - what are they called?

Answer 21

Neurocranium (bones of the cranial vault) Viscerocranium (bones of the facial skeleton)

Question 22

The line dividing the neurocranium and the viscerocranium is called the ___ of the skull.

Answer 22

base

Question 23

Name the vertebral sections and the number of bones within each.

Answer 23

7 cervical bones (C1-C7)

12 thoracic bones (T1-T12)

5 lumbar bones (L1-L5)

Sacrum (S1-S5)

Coccyx (C1-C4)

Question 24

Ribs 1-7 are __ ribs.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What are the true ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?

Answer 25

Ribs 1-7 Via costal cartilages

Question 26

Ribs 8-10 are __ ribs.

Answer 26

false

Question 27

What are the false ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?

Answer 27

Ribs 8-10 Via one common costal cartilage

Question 28

Ribs 11 and 12 are __ ribs.

Answer 28

floating

Question 29

What are the floating ribs? How do they attach to the sternum?

Answer 29

Ribs 11 and 12 They don't attach to the sternum

Question 30

Which bones make up the **pectoral girdle**?

Answer 30

**Left and right scapulae** **Left and right clavicles**

Question 31

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 31

**2 hip bones** **Sacrum**

Question 32

Where specifically is the **arm**?

Answer 32

**Between the shoulder and elbow joints**

Question 33

What lies between the **elbow and wrist joints**?

Answer 33

**Forearm**

Question 34

The **hand** is **distal** to the \_\_\_.

Answer 34

**forearm**

Question 35

Where specifically is the thigh?

Answer 35

**Between the hip and knee joint**

Question 36

Where specifically is the **leg**?

Answer 36

**Between the knee and ankle joint**

Question 37

The foot is distal to the **(thigh / leg / ankle)**.

Answer 37

technically all of the above best answer is the **ankle**