8 Flashcards
Patients receiving parenteral nutrition through central venous catheter are at a high risk for
Candidemia (pseudohyphae with blastoconidia)
Low testosterone with decreased FSH and LH
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallman Syndrome) just one example
LOS is like LPS but lacks
repeating O antigent (amount of LOS correlates to NM disease severity)
LOS of N. meningitidis causes sepsis via what cytokines?
TNF-alpha, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 due to interaction with toll like receptor 4
Causes of Asherman syndrome
Postpartum endometritis and dilation/curettage
MDD: SIG E CAPS (5+ present for longer than 2 weeks)
Dont forget:
Depressed mood
S- Sleep disorder I-Interest deficit (anhedonia) G- Guilt (worthlessness, hopelessness, regret) E- Energy deficit C-concentration A- Appetite disorder P- psychomotor retardation or agitation S- Suicidality
Adenomyosis is common in what age group
middle aged parous females
Heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and on exam a UNIFORMLY enlarged uterus (from hormonal stimulation of endometrial glandular tissue in myometrium)
Adenomyosis
Fibroids
Leiomyomas caused by proliferation of myometrial smooth muscle cells. IRREGULARLY enlarged uterus and heavy menstrual bleeding
Hyperplastic growth of endometrial glands and stroma leading to a benign projections of uterine lining. Do not cause uterine enlargement
Endometrial polyps
During first few weeks of embryogenesis Hb is synthesized by _______
Yolk sac (zeta or epsilon)
Hb F begins around 8 weeks gestation and replaces embryonic Hb by 14 weeks. Where is it made?
Spleen and liver (by 14 weeks erythropoiesis is taking place here
Hb H (3 deletions of alpha gene) manifest as
chronic hemolytic anemia (note: Hb Barts- gamma4 is not compatible with life- hydrops fetalis
Sources of ALK phos other that osteoblast
Placenta during pregnancy, liver, and intestine
Difference btw liver and bone alk phos
Bone= boil (easily denatured). Electrophoresis can be used and so can monoclonal antibodies
Osteoclast produce: It is tartrate-resistant and is unstable in frozen serum samples
Acid phosphatase
Measurement of osteoClastic activity?
1) Urine deoxypryridinoline (pryridinoline covalently cross links collagen fibers)
2) Tartrate resistance
3) hydroxyproline could be used but can be fasely high in urine due to meat products (shitty)
Ipratropium
Anti-muscarinic (bronchodilation) + blocks the parasympathetic stimulation of tracheobronchial submucosal glands in the lungs (great add benefit for asthma and COPD)
Inhaled glucocorticoid used for the prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma
Flunisolide
How does Nifedipine cause bronchodilation
By blocking calcium influx into bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchodilation by blocking PDE activity–> increasing intracellular cAMP
Methylxanthines (theophylline and aminophylline)
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase pathway for prophylactic asthma therapy
Zileuton
benign nerve sheath neoplasms predominantly comprised of SCHWANN CELLS (derived from neural crest cells)
Cutaneous Neurofibromas
spontaneous episodes of rest and nighttime angina with transient ST elevation
Vasospastic or variant (prinzmetal) angina