12 Flashcards
What do mesonephric ducts differentiate into ?
ductal stage
epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle
Mullerian (paramesonephric) give rise too?
ductal stage
uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina under the maternal influence of estrogen
gives rise to glans penis in males and glans clitoris in females
genital tubercle
urogenital folds
ventral aspect of penis and the labia minora (chicks)
beomes scrotum in males and the labia majora in females
genital swellings
Urogenital sinus (males)
bladder urethra prostate and bulbourethral glands
Females urogenital sinus
bladder, urethra, lower vagina and Bartholin glands
DHT is adult male
secondary sexual characteristics
HIV DNA synthesis from the RNA template is impaired by reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which terminate viral DNA elongation by competitive or allosteric inhibition
NRTI: competitive nucleoside/tide RT inhibitor
NNRTI: Allosteric
Defect in the fusion of prechordal mesoderm- affects growth of midface, eyes and forebrain
Patau syndrome (13)
holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, microphthalmia, cleft lip, cleft palate, omphalocele
Patau syndrome (13)
Maturation of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
LH
Trophic to leydig cells in males and stimulates testosterone production
LH
Time Line of 4
4hours= Acute dystonia
4days= Akathisia
4weeks=bradykinisia
4months= tardive dyskinesia
Nasal flu vaccine
live attenuated
(MHC I and CD8+) Cell mediated
Injection flu vaccine
inactivated/killed
(induces neutralizing antibodies against HA) HUMORAL
who should be immunized for flu
everyone over 6mo old
Pericardial knock
earlier in diastole that S3
Constrictive pericarditis reduces ventricular compliance via an external force
A loud P2
Pulmonary hypertension
Restrictive pericarditis (positive Kussmal sign) why?
JVP should go down on inspiration but a fibrotic pericardium can not handle the increased VR so JVP pressure goes up.
CYP450 enzymes are heme containing proteins that are resposible for the majority of drug metabolism (mostly in liver). name the major subtypes
CYP3A, CYP2D, CYP2C
Prodrug metabolized by CYP2D to its active metabolite, endoxifen.
Tamoxifen
Woman with poor CYP2D on tamoxifen
exposed to decreased levels of drug’s active metabolite and have a higher risk of relapse
Downstream signal transducer that activates TFs to promote cell growth. Mutations associated with development of colorectal and lung cancers
KRAS